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Examination of Pediatric Elbow
Published in Nirmal Raj Gopinathan, Clinical Orthopedic Examination of a Child, 2021
Karthick Rangasamy, Nirmal Raj Gopinathan, Pebam Sudesh
The elbow joint is a complex hinge (trochoginglymoid) joint that permits flexion, extension, and an axial rotation of the forearm. It consists of three articulations, namely humeroulnar, radiocapitellar, and proximal radioulnar joint. Flexion and extension movement takes place at the ulnohumeral joint. Movement of pronation and supination occur at the radiocapitellar joint and proximal radioulnar joint.
Can't Trust a Photo
Published in R. Annie Gough, Injury Illustrated, 2020
Similarly, in a Tweet by a popular running shoe company, a picture showed a runner stretching his legs. The skeleton of the runner was ghosted into the skin at the knee. The radiology overlay in the knee was in fact an elbow joint. How does that error change your opinion of the shoe company and their authority on your running style, running shoes, and preventing running injuries?
Upper limb
Published in Aida Lai, Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision, 2018
Elbow joint– synovial joint– between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna– between capitulum of humerus and head of radius– between radial notch of ulna and radius– reinforced by annular ligament of radius + ulnar collateral ligament + radial collateral ligament
High elasticity of the flexor carpi ulnaris and pronator teres muscles is associated with medial elbow injuries in youth baseball players
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2022
Akira Saito, Kyoji Okada, Kazuyuki Shibata, Hiromichi Sato, Tetsuaki Kamada
The study population was divided into 2 groups based on ultrasonographic (Noblus; Hitachi, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) findings of the medial aspect of the elbow joint evaluated by an orthopedic surgeon. Ultrasonographic examination was performed using a pre-established protocol [18,19]. The transducer was placed on the medial aspect of the elbow at 90° of flexion. Participants with partial or complete medial epicondylar fragmentation were diagnosed as having a medial elbow injury (Figure 1). Several studies have demonstrated the accuracy and reliability of ultrasonography in diagnosing medial elbow injury [16,18]. Table 1 summarizes the demographic characteristics of each group. The injury group consisted of 89 individuals (mean age, 11.1 ± 0.8 years) who were diagnosed as having medial epicondylar fragmentation of their throwing arm. Forty-three players (48%) had elbow pain, 29 players (33%) had a history of past elbow pain, and 17 players (19%) had no elbow pain. The control group consisted of 142 healthy baseball players (mean age, 11.0 ± 0.7 years) who were matched to the injury group by age, height, weight, dominant arm, months of experience of baseball, and baseball position. No study participants in the control group had a history of pain, injury, shoulder or elbow surgery, or abnormal findings from the elbow on ultrasonography.
Elucidating factors influencing machine learning algorithm prediction in spasticity assessment: a prospective observational study
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Natiara Mohamad Hashim, Jingye Yee, Nurul Atiqah Othman, Khairunnisa Johar, Cheng Yee Low, Fazah Akhtar Hanapiah, Noor Ayuni Che Zakaria
In the anatomical point of view, the elbow joint's flexion consists not only of biceps short and long head, but also by brachioradialis, brachialis, and pronator teres. In upper limb spasticity, it is ubiquitous that all of these three muscles are affected (Gharbaoui et al. 2016). Brachioradialis muscle has been shown to be the most spastic of these flexors (Keenan et al. 1990). Total isolation of biceps during evaluation is difficult, and recruitment of other muscles involvement cannot be avoided (Gharbaoui et al. 2016). Hence, sEMG recording on biceps alone might not give true value of spasticity leads to incorrect prediction (Keenan et al. 1990; Gharbaoui et al. 2016). However, this can be overcome by evaluating the reactive resistive magnitude, which gives more reliable value of spasticity, in which this resistance aids in providing subjective appreciation during traditional clinical examination (Kumar et al. 2006; Fleuren et al. 2010).
Epidemiology of injuries in track and field athletes: a cross-sectional study of specific injuries based on time loss and reduction in sporting level
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2022
Christophe Lambert, Noémie Reinert, Linda Stahl, Thomas Pfeiffer, Bernd Wolfarth, Daniel Lachmann, Sven Shafizadeh, Ramona Ritzmann
Injury characteristics are considered to differ between disciplines with a predominance of injuries in the lower extremity [1]. Injuries to the lower limb and foot (knee excluded) account for about 64% of athletes in running sports (short-, middle-, and long-distance). With an emphasis on injuries to the upper extremity, about 60% occurred in throwing sports. Throwing forces manifest > 1000 N tolerated by the rotator cuff and deltoid muscle [22]. Thereby, energy is transferred through the kinetic chain from the lower to the upper extremity causing exceedingly high forces with a relatively high prevalence of ankle injuries in throwing sports [23]. In elite track and field athletes, Malliarapoulos et al. found a significantly higher frequency of hamstring injuries resulting from a previous ankle injury. Both injuries causing high downtime rates and performance reductions [24]. Despite the diversity within damaged regions and affected structures, the interconnection of these injuries with a particular high prevalence indicates a significant predisposition in regard to the individualized injury history. Furthermore, it is noteworthy to mention that this study revealed a high number of injuries to the elbow joint. In overhead throwing activities, mainly during the late cocking and early acceleration movements, the elbow experiences high valgus forces leading to microtrauma to the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL), muscles and the joint itself [25].