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The Emerging Role of Exosome Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Zahra Sadat Hashemi, Mahlegha Ghavami, Saeed Khalili, Seyed Morteza Naghib
It should be noted that the biogenesis pathway of exosomes and their distinction fromother cell-derived vesicles were identified due to the existence of lysosomal surface protein (LAMP), tetraspanins (CD81, CD9, and CD63), heat shock proteins (Hsc70), and also some fusion proteins such as Annexin, CD9, and flotillin in the exosomal membrane (Caby et al. 2005; Andaloussi et al. 2013; Conde-Vancells et al. 2008; Mohammadpour and Majidzadeh-A 2020). The transport (ESCRT) process requires the endosomal sorting complex, which is a collection of proteins necessary for formation and sorting of cargo into exosomes.
Mother and Embryo Cross Communication during Conception
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Anna Idelevich, Andrea Peralta, Felipe Vilella
Microvesicles (100–1000 nm) were first described as subcellular material originating from platelets in normal plasma and serum. The molecular markers of microvesicles are ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6), integrins, selectins, and CD40 ligand. Microvesicles have been studied mainly for their role in blood coagulation and cancer cell-to-cell communication, where they are called oncosomes. Unlike apoptotic bodies and microvesicles, exosomes are small, virus-sized particles (30–150 nm), formed by inward budding of the cytoplasmic membrane. Exosomes are derived from the endolysosomal pathway and represent a more homogeneous population of vesicles than microvesicles. For a long time, they were considered to be nanodust, or dust in electron microscopy. This perception changed dramatically in the past years and their role evolved from debris bins to biologically active particles [89,90]. The immunomodulatory role of exosomes is the most studied [87,91], followed by angiogenesis, thrombosis [92], and pathologies, such as cancer [88]. The molecular markers of exosomes include: CD63, CD9, CD81, ALIX, TSG101, flotillin-1, HSC70, and syntenin-1 [13]. Cargo sorting into exosomes involves the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) and other associated proteins.
Atomic Force Microscopy of Biomembranes
Published in Qiu-Xing Jiang, New Techniques for Studying Biomembranes, 2020
Yi Ruan, Lorena Redondo-Morata, Simon Scheuring
In Chiaruttini et al.,79 HS-AFM has been used to study membrane remodeling processes, particularly the fission machinery ESCRT-III. ESCRT-III (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) is needed for lipid membrane remodeling in many cellular processes, from abscission to viral budding and formation of late endosomes. However, how ESCRT-III polymerization generates membrane curvature remains debated. In this work it was shown that Snf7, the main component of ESCRT-III, polymerized into spirals at the surface of supported lipid bilayers (Figure 5.13).
Cross talk between exosomes and pancreatic β-cells in diabetes
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
The endocytosis system plays a major role in exosome production (Figure 1(A)). The endocytosis system receives and ingests various molecular signals and nutrients to ensure intracellular balance and control intercellular communication in a healthy body (Huotari and Helenius 2011). This process relies on the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT). The ESCRT system includes a complex of four proteins, ESCRT-0, ESCRT-I, ESCRT-II, and ESCRT-III. ESCRT and its accessory proteins, namely ALG-interacting protein X (ALIX), vacuolar protein sorting 4, and Vps 20 associated-1, interact with the content such as RNA, cytosolic proteins, and promote the formation of mature late multivesicular bodies (MVBs) from intracellular vesicles (ILVs) (Maas et al.2017). After intracellular synthesis, MVBs have two different outcomes. When MVBs fuse with the plasma membrane, the ILVs are released outside the cell, forming exosomes that may enter the extracellular space and participate in intercellular communication (Figure 1(A)). When MVBs fuse with lysosomes, the proteins, nucleotides, and lipids inside are degraded and recycled in the cell.
Extracellular vesicles in obesity and its associated inflammation
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2022
Vijay Kumar, Sonia Kiran, Santosh Kumar, Udai P. Singh
It is the accumulation of the cell surface tetraspanin proteins CD9 and CD63 in the endosomal membranes that trigger the formation of EXOs [50]. The extracellular release of EXOs and other EVs depends on the sequential assembly of four ESCRT (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) protein complexes (ESCRT-0, ESCRT-I, ESCRT-II, and ESCRT-III) on the endosomal membrane. Sequential recruitment of ESCRT-0, -I, and -II induces curvature of the membranes and budding from the cell [23, 51]. The ESCRT-III complex is recruited by the programmed cell death six interacting protein PDCD6IP (or ALIX), which interacts with the tetraspanin protein TSG10, a component of ESCRT-1 [51, 52]. ESCRT-III plays a crucial role in the biogenesis of multivesicular endosomes, among other activities that include the repair of damaged cell membranes, as discussed elsewhere [53–55].
The novel target：exosoms derived from M2 macrophage
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2021
Yuyang Hou, Yuntong Liu, Shu Liang, Ru Ding, Shuqian Mo, Dongmei Yan, Dong Li
ESCRT dependent pathway is mainly completed with the participation of four protein complexes including ESCRT0-III and other related factors. The membrane internalization by budding to form early endosomes, and subsequently, with the involvement of a series of ubiquitous transmembrane proteins, phosphatidylinositol3-phosphate (PI3P) and other ubiquitous molecules on the endosomes activating ESCRT-0 complexes and increasing their volume in late endosomes [6]. In the study of human kidney 293 cells (HEK293), dendrites and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, it was found that knockout of ESCRT-0 related protein HRS (hydroxy growth factor regulated tyrosine kinase substract proposin, hrs PSAP) and TSG101 (tumor sustainability gene 101 protein, TSG101) and ESCRT-1 related protein STAM1 (β-Arrestin1 and Signal-transducing Adaptor Molecule 1, STAM1) could reduce the release of exosome [21–24]. ESCRT-0 can recruit the ESCRT-1 complexes by binding the subunit TSG101 of ESCRT-1 to the HRS domain [14], subsequently, the intracellular early endosome gradually matures into the late endosome. The main biological function of ESCRT-1 is to promote the assembly of cargoes and the formation of membrane to form MVBs [6]. At this time, the ESCRT-2 complex also promotes the assembly of contents and influences the function of ESCRT-3 complex [25,26]. While ESCRT-3 not only loads cargoes, but also participates in the formation of MVBs and promotes the separation of vesicles [17, 27–29].