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Aquatic Plants Native to America
Published in Namrita Lall, Aquatic Plants, 2020
Bianca D. Fibrich, Jacqueline Maphutha, Carel B. Oosthuizen, Danielle Twilley, Khan-Van Ho, Chung-Ho Lin, Leszek P. Vincent, T. N. Shilpa, N. P. Deepika, B. Duraiswamy, S. P. Dhanabal, Suresh M. Kumar, Namrita Lall
Azolla caroliniana Willd. forms part of the Azolla genus that constitutes small free-floating aquatic ferns distributed in tropical to warm temperate regions (Figure 4.6a and b). They may be polygonal or triangular, 1–2.5 cm in diameter for small species; however, larger species in the genus may reach up to 15 cm (Ridley 1930). These sporophytes exhibit a copiously branched rhizome that floats horizontally across the water surface. Each of the nodes has an abscission layer, which is crucial for vegetative propagation (Konar 1972). Alternate imbricate leaves comprised of a thick aerial dorsal lobe and a slightly larger, but thinner, floating, ventral lobe are found along the length of the stem, ending in pendulous roots that occasionally enter the mud substrate. The roots grow acropetally from branch points on the lower end of the stem, with the youngest root protected by a cap, which is later shed with the growth of basal root hairs. The dorsal lobe is photosynthetically active and a cavity within the lobe houses the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic cyanobacterium, Anabaena azollae.
Prolactin and the Prostate in Animal Models
Published in Nagasawa Hiroshi, Prolactin and Lesions in Breast, Uterus, and Prostate, 2020
It is reasonable to propose that the action of PRL, in the absence of androgen, must be mediated through those biological events which are unrelated to androgen action. Witorsch and Dave39,40 provided insight regarding the mode of action of PRL in causing a delay of prostatic regression. First they noted that although there was a loss in PRL binding in the ventral lobe following castration in the rat, both the dorsal and lateral lobes were able to retain their PRL binding capacity. The lateral lobe had a more increased staining intensity for PRL binding than did the dorsal lobe in using immunohistochemical techniques. This observation probably explains why the lateral lobe (and the dorsal lobe, to a lesser extent) is able to respond to PRL action following castration.35 The second observation demonstrated that PRL was able to increase the membrane fluidity of the prostatic cells, but this is probably a nonspecific effect of this hormone. In light of the high binding capacity for PRL in the lateral lobe (and to a lesser degree in the dorsal lobe), alteration of membrane fluidity in the prostatic cells may result in a change in membrane-dependent cellular events, leading to a reduced rate of tissue degradation. Although this concept is plausible, further work is needed to confirm this cause and effect relationship.
The Azolia-Anabaena Symbiosis
Published in Peter M. Gresshoff, Molecular Biology of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, 2018
As the leaf primordium differentiates at the growing point, a slight depression is formed near the base on the adaxial side of the dorsal lobe (Figure 5). A portion of the Anabaena colony at the shoot apex above the dorsal lobe primordia is scooped into the enlarging depression by a glove-shaped transfer hair that differentiates very close to the apical cell of the stem.31 Multicellular hairs of two or more cells emerge from epidermal cells within the depression as soon as the cavity begins to form.18 During maturation of the cavity the hairs undergo a change in ultrastructure, indicating a change in function. The hairs demonstrate the transfer cell morphology of a cell wall labyrinth and dense cytoplasm containing abundant endoplasmic reticulum and numerous mitochondria.18,32 In the cavities the transfer hairs are composed of several branched or unbranched cells. The hair originating from the axil of a leaf primordium on the apical meristem is termed the primary branched hair (PBH).31 As a leaf cavity is closing, additional epidermal hairs are formed at the back of the cavity depression and are termed the secondary branched hairs (SBH). All the other hairs are comprised of only two cells — a stalk cell and a terminal cell — and are termed simple
An overview of the latest in state-of-the-art murine models for prostate cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Elisabete Nascimento-Gonçalves, Fernanda Seixas, Rita Ferreira, Bruno Colaço, Belmiro Parada, Paula A. Oliveira
The mouse prostate is composed of four lobes located around the urethra and caudal to urinary bladder: anterior lobe, dorsal lobe, lateral lobe and ventral lobe [56–58] (Figure 2 and Figure 3). The anterior prostate lobe, also known as the coagulating gland, follows the curvature of seminal vesicles and is attached to it. The anterior prostate has a simple columnar epithelium, with variable degrees of infolding with a cribriform pattern. The dorsal prostate lobe is located dorsally and bilaterally at the base of the seminal vesicles, and exhibits a simple columnar epithelium [10,11,13]. The lateral prostate lobe is located around the urethra centrally and bilaterally and has a simple columnar epithelium with very little infolding. The two ventral prostate lobes wrap the urethra ventrally and exhibit simple and columnar epithelium with little infolding [11] (Figure 4).