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Neuronal Function
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Neurons are diverse in shape and size. A typical neuron has a cell body (or soma) with fibre-like processes called dendrites and axons emerging from it. The dendrites are branches that leave the cell body and receive information from adjoining neurons. The dendrites have knob-like extensions called dendritic spines. The cell body has an extensive system of rough endoplasmic reticulum containing basophilic granules (Nissl substance), which synthesize proteins. The dendritic spines, dendrites and soma receive information from other cells.
Radiation Damage of the Nervous System
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Handbook of RADIOBIOLOGY, 2020
These are very radioresistant. In laminar lesions produced by 33,000 rads of 10-MeV protons, it was found4 that the exposed top dendrites of nonirradiated perikaryons were not damaged.4 However, a reduction in the degree of dendritic aborization was observed 4 weeks after facial exposure of monkey cortex with 3500 R of X-rays.5 The damage to dendrites may not reflect a direct effect of irradiation on dendrites, but rather a response of the entire neuron to irradiation.
Computational Neuroscience and Compartmental Modeling
Published in Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel, Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, 2019
Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel
Neurons are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. Most neurons have a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. The cell body contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. The axon extends from the cell body and often gives rise to many smaller branches before ending at nerve terminals. Dendrites extend from the neuron cell body and receive messages from other neurons. Synapses are the contact points where one neuron communicates with another. The dendrites are covered with synapses formed by the ends of axons from other neurons.
Rab11-mediated recycling endosome role in nervous system development and neurodegenerative diseases
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Jiajia Zhang, Gang Su, Qionghui Wu, Jifei Liu, Ye Tian, Xiaoyan Liu, Juanping Zhou, Juan Gao, Wei Chen, Deyi Chen, Zhenchang Zhang
Dendrites are the main structure of receiving information in neurons. The complexity of dendrites affects the connectivity of neurons, which is essential for the maintenance of normal brain function [38]. Rab11 plays an important role in promoting dendritic arborization through endosome recycling [18, 19]. As we all known, BDNF and its TrkB receptor are extracellular signaling molecules that can induce dendritic branches [20, 21]. BDNF enhanced the activity of Rab11 and induced the aggregation of vesicles carrying Rab11 and TrkB receptors in dendrites, which increased the sensitivity of BDNF and promoted dendritic branches [21–23]. In addition, it has been reported that the stage of TrkB receptors localized to Rab11-positive endosomes is regulated by Rab11-interacting protein (FIP3) [24]. Intriguingly, Slit- and NTRK-like family5(Slitrks5) acting as a TrkB co-receptor facilitates Rab11-FIP3 recruitment of TrkB receptors to Rab11 compartments [39].
Development of pedestrian crash prediction model for a developing country using artificial neural network
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2019
Abhishek Chakraborty, Dipanjan Mukherjee, Sudeshna Mitra
Since there exists no direct relationship between the input and output variables and the purpose of this study is to develop the fatal pedestrian crash prediction model, ANN as one of the popular soft-computing technique has been used (Chakraborty, Jena, & Bhuyan, 2018). ANN is a computational model which is very much similar to the elements and structure of the biological neural network system. A biological neuron gets signal through its dendrites, processes it and transmits to the next neuron through a synapse. In the same way, an ANN structure consists of three or more number of layers of neurons or nodes. It gets input from the first layer or input neurons, and then the information passes through a transfer or activation function and then transmitted to the next connected neuron of the next layer. The last layer of neurons is called the output layer through which the final output(s) can be obtained. In between these input and output layers, one or more hidden layers can be present. Weight parameters are associated with each of the connections between neurons, and there exists a fixed bias value associated with each of the neurons in hidden and output layers.
Axon length maintenance and synapse integrity are regulated by c-AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) during larval growth of the drosophila sensory neurons
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2019
Tijana Copf, Mildred Kamara, Tadmiri Venkatesh
We propose that to fulfil this bimodal role in the neuronal morphogenesis, PKA may control the total membrane availability within the neuron during the fast cell shape change that takes part during the transition between larval stages. Whether a neuron will use the available membrane to generate dendrites or the axon is controlled internally by a balancing mechanism, part of which might be PKA. Dendrites require much more membrane than the axons. Thus, dendrites are the first structures to be attacked by a change in the levels of a factor that controls membrane availability. When PKA levels are elevated to a medium level (expression of one extra copy of PKA), only the morphology of dendrites is affected (Copf, 2014). Only if the elevation goes one step up (via the expression of a second PKA copy) will the axons also be affected. PKA has been recently reported to regulate membrane volume at the synapse of the Drosophila motor neurons (Hao et al., 2016).