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Published in Clare E. Milner, Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The most superficial muscle of the shoulder is the deltoid, which has anterior, middle, and posterior heads and gives the shoulder its characteristic rounded shape. As a whole, the deltoid abducts the arm. The anterior deltoid flexes and internally rotates the arm and the posterior deltoid extends and externally rotates the arm. Pectoralis major flexes and internally rotates the arm from its anatomical reference position. The muscle is a powerful horizontal adductor of the arm and an extensor of the arm from a vertical position. The latissimus dorsi extends, adducts, and internally rotates the arm. Teres major adducts and extends the arm and contributes to internal rotation. Coracobrachialis helps to flex and adduct the arm.
Shoulder and humerus
Published in Pankaj Sharma, Nicola Maffulli, Practice Questions in Trauma and Orthopaedics for the FRCS, 2017
Pankaj Sharma, Nicola Maffulli
The musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, opposite the lower border of the pectoralis minor. It is derived from the fifth, sixth and seventh cervical nerves. It pierces the coracobrachialis muscle and passes obliquely between the biceps brachii and the brachialis, to the lateral side of the arm. Due to its close proximity to the coracobrachialis muscle, it is vulnerable to injury during a coracoid osteotomy or if the coracobrachialis is retracted forcefully.
Upper limb
Published in David Heylings, Stephen Carmichael, Samuel Leinster, Janak Saada, Bari M. Logan, Ralph T. Hutchings, McMinn’s Concise Human Anatomy, 2017
David Heylings, Stephen Carmichael, Samuel Leinster, Janak Saada, Bari M. Logan, Ralph T. Hutchings
Coracobrachialis - from the coracoid process of the scapula (with the short head of biceps) passing halfway down the medial side of the humerus. Very weak flexor of the shoulder joint and notable because the musculocutaneous nerve runs through and innervates it - a useful identifying feature.
Modeling the effects of musculoskeletal geometry on scapulohumeral muscle moment arms and lines of action
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
Daanish M. Mulla, Joanne N. Hodder, Monica R. Maly, James L. Lyons, Peter J. Keir
Model-predicted elevation/depression moment arms varied substantially due to muscle attachment changes (Figure 2). Variation in moment arms (± 2 standard deviations) ranged from 5.4 to 25.8 mm depending on the muscle (Table 2). On average, the coefficients of variation for the model-predicted moment arms were 46.2% (range: 13.7–202.8%) across the muscles. In general, the moment arms for the rotator cuff muscles and teres major were most sensitive to changes in humeral attachment along the superior/inferior axis (Hy) (Table 3). Teres major (−9.9 mm), superior and inferior fibres of infraspinatus (−3.2, −4.2 mm), and teres minor (−3.0 mm) were most sensitive to humeral attachment changes, with a 1 standard deviation superior change in humeral attachment predicting moment arm changes of at least 3 mm (negative values indicate a decreased elevation or increased depression moment arm). In contrast, the deltoids and coracobrachialis muscles displayed greater sensitivity to scapular/clavicular attachment changes (Table 3). Scapular attachments along the medial/lateral axis had a strong influence on moment arms for the posterior deltoid (Sz = −11.4 mm) and coracobrachialis (Sz = −6.4 mm).
Feasibility Analysis and Clinical Applicability of a Modified Type V Resection Method for Malignant Bone Tumors of the Proximal Humerus
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2020
Qing Liu, Zhibing Dai, Junshen Wu, Suzhi Ji, Jingping Bai, Renbing Jiang
Patients were placed in the lateral position. Under general anesthesia, a “7-shaped” incision was made along the outside edge of the coracoid process and extended to the posterior shoulder (Figure 3). We identified the gap between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles, and separated the soft tissues from the acromioclavicular joint down. The upper arm was placed outside the operating table, pulling the deltoid muscle laterally and the pectoralis major muscle, coracobrachialis, and short head of the biceps brachii medially. A horizontal cut was made in the deltoid muscle and the humeral stem was separated. We assessed the axillary blood vessels and nerve bundles to determine the extent of neurovascular invasion.
Sensitivity of Apple Watch fall detection feature among wheelchair users
Published in Assistive Technology, 2022
Libak Abou, Alexander Fliflet, Lina Hawari, Peter Presti, Jacob J. Sosnoff, Harshal P. Mahajan, Mikaela L. Frechette, Laura A. Rice
Qualified individuals were invited to the laboratory and were informed of the potential injury risks associated with the study. After being provided with the opportunity to ask questions, interested individuals signed an informed consent form. To ensure participants met eligibility criteria before taking part in the falling procedures, they completed the following steps. First, participants had their height and weight quantified to calculate their BMI. Next, participants completed the 5TSTS Test (Makizako et al., 2017). The 5TSTS Test is a lower limb functioning test used in this study to ensure participants could get up after falling. Finally, participants were asked questions to assure they were not at a high risk of sustaining a fracture. Next, to mitigate the risk of injury, a trained research assistant led participants through a whole-body stretch consisting of general head and neck stretches as well as stretching of the upper and lower limbs for 10–15 minutes. The neck muscles targeted during the stretching included scalene muscles, sternocleidomastoid, and platysma. The upper and lower limb muscles targeted during the stretching included the deltoid, biceps, coracobrachialis, and the quadriceps femoris, iliopsoas, pectineus, sartorius, respectively. After stretching, participants were equipped with knee pads, elbow pads, wrist guards, a lightweight foam martial arts helmet, and a neck brace. Each participant wore an Apple Watch Series 5, with the operating system watchOS 6 (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA) in wheelchair mode, on their dominant wrist with the fall detection software turned on. In addition, a research grade accelerometer (GENEActiv, Activinsights Ltd., Cambridgeshire, UK) was taped to the participant’s wrist above the Apple Watch. The GENEActiv is a tri-axial accelerometer with the following specifications: range: ± 16 g and resolution: 12 bits (7.8 mg). The GENEActiv is valid to measure activity among healthy adults (Pavey et al., 2016).