China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Brachial Plexus Examination
Published in J. Terrence Jose Jerome, Clinical Examination of the Hand, 2022
Janice He, Bassem Elhassan, Rohit Garg
The dorsal scapular nerve and long thoracic nerve originate at the level of roots. The dorsal scapular nerve branches from C5 prior to its merging with C6 to form the upper trunk. It innervates the rhomboid major and minor and the levator scapulae. These cause scapular retraction and elevation respectively. The long thoracic nerve has contributions from C5 to C7 at the root level. This innervates the serratus anterior which provides scapular protraction.
Diabetic Neuropathy
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
With carpal tunnel syndrome, there is a sensory deficit in the palmar aspect of the first three fingers that follows the development of paresthesias, pain, numbness, swelling, or prickling of the fingers. The symptoms are often felt in a variety of situations, including during rest, performing activities with the hands such as typing on a computer keyboard, or when driving a vehicle. Peroneal nerve palsy causes footdrop, which is weakened dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot, and sometimes a sensory deficit within the anterolateral aspect of the lower leg, dorsum of the foot, or in the webbed space between the first and second metatarsals. While L5 radiculopathy causes similar abnormalities, it usually weakens hip abduction by affecting the gluteus medius and weak foot inversion (tibialis posterior). Common symptoms of radial nerve palsy include wristdrop, which is weakness of the wrist and finger extensors, plus loss of sensation in the dorsal aspect of the first dorsal interosseous muscle. Similar motor abnormalities are caused by C7 radiculopathy. Compression of the ulnar nerve near the elbow may cause paresthesias, plus a sensory deficit in the fifth digit and the medial half of the fourth digit. There may be weakness and atrophy of the thumb adductor, fifth digit abductor, and the interosseous muscles. If chronic ulnar palsy is severe, a clawhand deformity will occur. Sensory symptoms are similar to those caused by C8 root dysfunction that is secondary to cervical radiculopathy. The difference is that radiculopathy usually affects more proximal aspects of the C8 dermatome.
Spinal Injuries
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
The aim of the neurological examination is to determine the level of injury, defined as below last level with full power, and nature of the lesion, document the deficit and identify the need for emergency treatment. Injuries above C5 cause quadriplegia and respiratory failure. At C4 and C5 the deltoid, supraspinatus and infraspinatus are weak or movement is absent, and at C5 and C6 the biceps are also weak or movement is absent. Injuries at C7 cause weakness or loss of use of the triceps, wrist extensors and forearm pronators. Injuries at T1 and below cause paraplegia; the precise level can be determined from the level of sensory loss. Injuries from T10 down can cause a cauda equina syndrome. The cauda equina includes the terminal spinal cord and the spinal roots from T12 to S5. Acute compression may cause bilateral leg pain, flaccid paralysis and retention of urine. Pain in the sacral dermatomes may also be present. A burst fracture of L1 is a typical cause of acute cauda equina syndrome.
Findings in ancient Egyptian mummies from tomb KV64, Valley of the Kings, Luxor, with evidence of a rheumatic disease
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2023
LM Öhrström, R Seiler, S Bickel, F Rühli
The cervical vertebrae C1–C6 (which are skeletonized and each individually separated from the rest of the vertebral column) show pathological changes, notably osteophyte formation. In particular, the dens axis is strongly affected, as well as vertebrae C4 and C5, which show considerable osteophyte formation at the anterior and posterior vertebral body (Figure 4). The spinous process of vertebra C3 is (post-mortem) fractured; the distal end is missing. The rest of the vertebral column from C7 downwards is intact and found in the anatomical position. However, the spine is malpositioned, showing a hyperkyphosis of the thoracic spine and a thoracoabdominal scoliotic deformation, which is probably due to post-mortem positioning. On the lateral radiographs, the vertebral alignment of the thoracic and lumbar spine appears to be intact, and no obvious height reduction of the vertebrae or substantial osteophytic formation is observed. On the anteroposterior projections, on the other hand, a pointed osteophytic outgrowth can be assumed at the endplate of the lumbar vertebra L2 on the right side. No obviously pathological calcifications in the surrounding soft tissues are observed. However, C7 and the proximal part of the thoracic spine are difficult to interpret in the lateral projections owing to superimposition of other anatomical structures.
Validity and test–retest reliability of photogrammetry in adolescents with hyperkyphosis
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Fatemeh Azadinia, Mostafa Hosseinabadi, Ismail Ebrahimi, Mohammad-Ali Mohseni-Bandpei, Hasan Ghandhari, Marzieh Yassin, Hamid Behtash, Mohammad-Saleh Ganjavian
In addition, part of the difference between photogrammetric and radiographic measurements may be due to the difference between selected limits of the curve in the two techniques. The kyphosis value was calculated between T4 and T12 vertebrae in the Cobb radiographic angle, while between C7 and T12 in photogrammetry. The C7 is located in or above the transition between the thoracic and cervical curves. Therefore, in photogrammetry examination, since the C7 has been selected as the upper end point of the kyphotic curve, the thoracic kyphosis value may be affected by cervical lordosis, this may result in a photogrammetry value smaller than radiography value that measures the angle between T4 and T12. In addition, radiographic Cobb angle uses vertebral bodies to measure curvature, while photogrammetry uses spinous processes as anatomical reference points.
Spinal sagittal alignment, spinal shrinkage and back pain changes in office workers during a workday
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Juan Rabal-Pelay, Cristina Cimarras-Otal, César Berzosa, Marta Bernal-Lafuente, José Luis Ballestín-López, Carmen Laguna-Miranda, Juan Luis Planas-Barraguer, Ana Vanessa Bataller-Cervero
Curvature in the sagittal plane of the spine was evaluated with a SpinalMouse® device (Idiag, Switzerland). The MediMouse protocol was used, which measures from C7 to S3, and which later divides the programme into thoracic, lumbar and sacral degrees. Prior to measurement, the researcher identified locations by palpation and a frame with a dermal pencil. The C7 vertebra was located using the flexo-extension technique. S3 was located with the superior posterior iliac spine technique to locate S2 [21]. These marks were used for the post-workday evaluations. Participants were assessed in a barefoot standing position, facing forwards in a relaxed position, with the pelvis in a resting position, so as not to modify the parameters [22]. The SpinalMouse® device is a non-invasive, validated and reliable method for assessing spinal curves [23]. Intraclass coefficients of 0.92 and 0.95 have been previously determined for measurement of curvature in the sagittal plane with the SpinalMouse® device [24]. Data are sampled every 1.3 mm as the mouse is rolled along the spine, giving a sampling frequency of approximately 150 Hz. This information is then used to calculate the relative positions of each vertebra, angles between vertebrae and the total angle of sagittal plane curvature, using its own MediMouse® software.