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Targeting the Nervous System
Published in Nathan Keighley, Miraculous Medicines and the Chemistry of Drug Design, 2020
In addition to the cholinergic systems that rely on the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the peripheral nervous system also includes the adrenergic system, which uses adrenaline and noradrenaline as chemical messages. The neurotransmitter noradrenaline is released by the sympathetic nerves, which supply smooth muscle and cardiac muscle with stimulus. Adrenaline is a hormone released along with noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla located in the kidneys and circulates in the blood supply in order to reach remote organs. Activation of adrenergic receptors promotes physiological effects, such as increasing heart rate and expanding lung capacity.
Alpha Adrenergic Modulation of Impulse Initiation in Normal and Ischemic Cardiac Fibers
Published in Samuel Sideman, Rafael Beyar, Analysis and Simulation of the Cardiac System — Ischemia, 2020
There have been major advances in research in all three areas — muscarinic and beta and alpha adrenergic — in the past decade. These have incorporated not only new information concerning cellular electrophysiologic mechanisms and second messenger systems, but information about the role of GTP regulatory proteins as well.16 We and our colleagues have concentrated on alpha adrenergic modulation of cardiac rhythm, using intact animal models, atrial and ventricular fibers isolated from the mammalian heart, and myocardial cells in monolayer culture, alone, or in coculture with sympathetic neural cells.17,18 We have found the alpha adrenergic system to be a useful one in considering the modulation of cardiac electrical activity by the autonomic nervous system, and it is this area that we shall review in the following pages.
The Pituitary Gland, Psychoneuroimmunology and Infection
Published in Herman Friedman, Thomas W. Klein, Andrea L. Friedman, Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress, and Infection, 2020
Istvan Berczi, Andor Szentivanyi
LPS is capable of decreasing the number of β-adrenergic binding sites on splenic lymphocytes and in lung tissue. The LPS-induced deterioration of β-adrenergic system in the lung could completely be prevented by splenectomy, suggesting that spleen-derived substances are involved in the changes of β-adrenergic reactivity of the airways.118 Similarly, in dogs 5 hr after the injection of 1 mg/kg LPS i.v., lymphocyte β-adrenergic receptor numbers and NaF-stimulated cAMP accumulation were reduced significantly. The myocardial β-adrenergic receptor number was also reduced in LPS-treated animals.104
The effects of a single and a series of Finnish sauna sessions on the immune response and HSP-70 levels in trained and untrained men
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2023
Wanda Pilch, Marta Szarek, Czerwińska-Ledwig Olga, Piotrowska Anna, Małgorzata Żychowska, Sadowska-Krepa Ewa, Štefánia Andraščíková, Tomasz Pałka
In the T group, a significant increase in the total number of leukocytes and NEUT was observed in response to both a single sauna bath as well as a series of 10 sessions. This finding was also observed in two additional studies [5,27]. According to Shephard et al. [28], the mechanism responsible for leukocytosis after systemic hyperthermia is an increase in cardiac output and, consequently, an increase in leukocyte demargination. In our study, a positive correlation was observed between the increase in the total number of leukocytes and HR in the T group after the first sauna bath (r = 0.74, p < .05). This is in support of the mechanism described by Shephard et al. Others have proposed alternative mechanisms which include increased expression of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) [29] and the increased secretion of cortisol causing NEUT to migrate from the bone marrow into the bloodstream [30]. In our study, there was an increase in cortisol levels after the 1st and 10th sauna baths. Similar results have been presented before [31,32], suggesting hypercortisolemia after baths could explain the leukocytosis. Activation of the adrenergic system in response to heat stressors increases cortisol levels [33]. In both study groups, a lower increase in cortisol was observed in response to consecutive sauna sessions indicating thermal adaptation to similar thermal conditions [34].
A review on qualifications and cost effectiveness of induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs)-induced cardiomyocytes in drug screening tests
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Golrokh Malihi, Vahid Nikoui, Elliot L. Elson
A study group developed different synthetic polymer substrates that were used to culture iPSC-CMs. They tested three functional substances of polyε-caprolacton (PCL), polyethylene glycole (PEG), and carboxylated PCL for culturing human iPSC-CMs. As a result, the test group of cells which had used 4% PEG+ 96% PCL showed the greatest contractility, mitochondrial function, increased expression of cardiac myosin light chain -2v, cardiac troponin −1 and integrin α-7. Moreover, the TnI (cTnI) isoform of Troponin switched from the foetal form of (ssTnI) to the adult form of TnI (cTnI) and significantly increased expression of genes encoding intermediate filaments known to transduce integrin-mediated mechanical signals to the myofilaments. Today, researchers have been trying to characterise iPSC-CMs in terms of gene and protein expression that allows defining changes in differentiated myocytes. Included are maturation, isoform switching of receptors of the adrenergic system, ion channels and sarcomeric proteins (Bedada et al.2016).
Nutrition and vasoactive substances in the critically ill patient
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2022
During the initial phase of shock,1 a decrease in blood pressure activates the sympathetic nervous system (the division of the autonomic nervous system that dominates during emergency states),7 which mediates the compensatory phase of shock.8 In the compensatory phase, to maintain blood flow to the vital organs and to maintain cardiac output, the sympathetic nervous system is activated.1,7,8 The effect of stimulation of the adrenergic system is of specific interest because the vasoactive drugs mimic the result of the sympathetic nervous system.9 The adrenergic receptors consist of alpha (α) and beta (β) receptors. These can be subdivided into α1, α2, β1 and β2 receptors.10 The effect of the catecholamines (adrenaline [epinephrine] and noradrenaline [norepinephrine]) on the different organs or tissue depends on which one of the adrenergic receptors dominates in a specific organ or tissue and the nature of the biochemical response that follows.2