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Sources for Emergence and Development of System of Systems
Published in Larry B. Rainey, Mo Jamshidi, Engineering Emergence, 2018
Self-organized criticality (SOC) is a phenomenon of dynamic systems in which the system components, over time, self-organize and tend toward some critical point or critical state (sometimes called an attractor) which arises from local interactions of components. This mechanism is considered to explain a wide number of phenomena in physics, chemistry, geology, economics, and social sciences.
Agent-based models of administrative corruption: an overview
Published in International Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 2022
Shaymaa Elnawawy M., Ahmed E. Okasha, Hazem A. Hosny
Zausinová et al. model exhibited all the features of complexity such as self-organized criticality, phase transition, the sensitivity to initial conditions and path dependence. The first finding of the model is that non-corrupt social norm was an evolutionary stable equilibrium point with no evidence for returning back to corrupt norm after attaining it (in accordance with Hammond’s [37] findings). Second, they found a very strong correlation between the strategy adopted by the agents and the number of jailed agents. The more the number of jailed agents, the more the other agents defer from adopting corrupt behavior. When reaching such critical state, small shocks to the system induced phase transitions. Third, the history of the society – reflected in its initial conditions – greatly affected the final social norm that was be adopted in the society. Fourth, they indicated that legal uncertainty had a positive effect towards pushing the society to non-corrupt behavioral norm. Fifth, the probability of being caught had a greater threatening effect on the agents than the sanction time itself. Finally, they suggested investigating the effect of amnesty and the effect of introducing accredited agents in the social networks of both citizens and bureaucrats.