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Bowties for occupational risk management
Published in Maria Chiara Leva, Tom Kontogiannis, Marko Gerbec, Olga Aneziris, Total Safety and the Productivity Challenge, 2019
Olga Aneziris, Ioannis Papazoglou
A fundamental concept of the “bowtie” model is the concept of a “safety barrier”. A safety barrier is a physical entity, a technical, hardware, procedural or organizational element in the working environment that can prevent something from happening (e.g. the CE) or mitigate the consequences of something that has happened. Some of these events or barriers have a deterministic logical relationship with the event that follows them or the event that they cause. For example, “loss of a worker’s stability while on a high platform” coupled with the “absence or failure of an edge protection-rail” may result in a fall from height. On the other hand, a second class of events in the model influences the relative likelihood of other events occurring; they do not determine the outcome of more complex events. Thus, “working outdoors” in a “windy environment” does not necessarily imply “loss of worker stability” but it rather increases the likelihood that such an event might happen.
Quantitative risk modelling in the offshore petroleum industry: integration of human and organizational factors
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2020
Xingwei Zhen, Jan Erik Vinnem, Xue Yang, Yi Huang
It is central to define and model safety barriers for the formal inclusion of HOFs into QRA. In accordance with the NPD regulations (NPD 2001, 2002), safety barriers shall be established which reduce the probability that any failures, hazardous situations and accidents will develop further, and limit possible harm and nuisance. It is further stated that safety barriers may be physical or non-physical, or a combination thereof. The concept of safety barriers can thus be defined as physical and/or non-physical means planned to prevent, control or mitigate undesired events (Sklet 2005, 2006). It indicates that the scope of the safety barrier may range from a single technical unit or human actions to a complex socio-technical system. In line with the ISO standard: 13702 (ISO 1999), the term ‘prevention’ means a reduction of the likelihood of a hazardous event and ‘control’ means limiting the extent and/or duration of a hazardous event to prevent escalation, while ‘mitigation’ means a reduction of the effects of a hazardous event. Undesired events may be technical failures, human errors, or a combination of these occurrences that may realise potential hazards, while accidents are undesired and unplanned events that lead to loss of human lives, personal injuries, environmental damage, and/or material damage (Sklet 2005, 2006).
Offshore drilling blowout risk model – an integration of basic causes, safety barriers, risk influencing factors and operational performance indicators
Published in Safety and Reliability, 2018
Pedro Perez, Guido Dalu, Natalia Gomez, Henry Tan
The general definition of safety barriers in the context of this paper is in accordance with Sklet (2006). This author defines safety barriers as physical and/or non-physical measures planned to prevent, control or mitigate undesired events or accidents. The measures may range from a single technical unit or human actions, to a complex socio-technical system. In line with ISO 13702 (2015), prevention means reducing the likelihood of a hazardous event, control means limiting the extent and/or duration of a hazardous event to prevent escalation, while mitigation means reducing the effects of a hazardous event. For the purposes of this paper, all safety barriers are considered preventive, considering that the focus is on protecting the crew from a possible blowout and not on the mitigation of further potential consequences.
Application of a decision support tool for the risk management of a metro system
Published in International Journal of Rail Transportation, 2022
A. Di Graziano, V. Marchetta, J. Grande, S. Fiore
Each safety barrier contributes to reducing the frequency or consequences of accidents by acting on one or more of the elements that come into play in the evolution of the accident. This contribution can be quantified through observations on real systems, expert opinion or from referenced sources (e.g. UIC-Codex 779–9) based on the performance characteristics, the function performed and the integrity level of the barrier.