China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Plasma Harmonic and Overtone Coupling
Published in Christos H. Skiadas, Charilaos Skiadas, Handbook of Applications of Chaos Theory, 2017
First, let us consider the difference between linear and nonlinear circuits. In the linear amplifier, for example, the power output versus power input is a straight line with no curve or distortion in the current-voltage relationship: the voltage output signal is proportional and predictably linear. For example, a voltage amplifier may be described using Equation 20.4, where A is the gain of the amplifier and ω is the angular frequency (2π fo) of the voltage output waveform, which is the same as the voltage input waveform: Vinput(ωt)·A=Vout(ωt)
D. Dynamic Range 2
Published in Bob Katz, Robert E. Runstein, David Miles Huber, Bruce Bartlett, Jenny Bartlett, Danny Cope, Craig Golding, William Moylan, Roey Izhaki, Tom Hutchison, Paul Allen, Amy Macy, Russ Hepworth-Sawyer, From Demo to Delivery, 2013
Input level is plotted on the X-axis and output on the Y-axis. From left to right: unity gain, 10dB gain, 10dB attenuation. A linear amplifier is one which shows a straight line (not a curve) at 45°, hence the name. Notice that the middle plot would yield distortion for any input signals above − 10dBFS.
Absolute quantification of 137Cs activity in spent nuclear fuel with calculated detector response function
Published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2023
Shunsuke Sato, Yasushi Nauchi, Takehito Hayakawa, Yasuhiko Kimura, Takao Kashima, Kazuhiro Futakami, Kenya Suyama
The BGO detector was inserted into the collimator hole to fix its geometry, heading toward the fuel sample (Figure 2). It has a BGO crystal 76.2 mm in diameter and 76.2 mm in height. The crystal was covered with a MgO reflector of 2.9–3.2 mm thickness and an Al case of 0.8–2.0 mm thickness. The diameter of the BGO crystal was larger than the size of the slit of the collimator plug, as shown in Figure 2, such that all gamma rays through the collimator enter the BGO detector. Thus, even if the relative positions of the slit and detector deviate, the fluctuation of detection efficiency is negligible. The output of the photomultiplier tube (R594 made by Hamamatsu Photonics) with the BGO crystal was processed by a conventional pre-amplifier and a linear amplifier and recorded by a multichannel analyzer (MCA600 made by Laboratory Equipment Corporation) event by event.
Effects of silver nanoparticle doping on the electro-optical properties of polymer stabilized liquid crystal devices
Published in Liquid Crystals, 2020
Xudong Yan, Yong Zhou, Wei Liu, Sunqian Liu, Xiaowen Hu, Wei Zhao, Guofu Zhou, Dong Yuan
The dielectric anisotropy of doped and un-doped PSLC mixtures was obtained via the capacitance method. The capacitance of PSLC cells in different states was measured using impedance meter (TH2828, Tonghui Electronics), and the dielectric anisotropy of LC mixtures was then calculated. A function generator (33220A, Agilent) was used to provide alternating electric field with a square wave function applied on PSLC devices. The electric signal from the function generator was amplified through a high-voltage linear amplifier (F20A, FLC Electronics). Transmittance of the PSLC devices was measured by spectrometer (HR2000+, Ocean Optics), the absorption and reflection of glass and ITO were corrected before transmittance measurement. The wavelength of 550 nm was select to evaluate the transmittance. A halogen lamp (LS-3000, Keyence) was used to provide white light. Response time of the samples was measured by photodiode (FSD1010, Thorlab) with time resolution of 65 ns. The output signal of photodiode was amplified and then transformed by an acquisition card (USB6002, National Instruments), then collected by computer with a LabVIEW program. A 5 W White LED was used to provide white light.
Flexible memristor based neuromorphic system for implementing multi-layer neural network algorithms
Published in International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 2018
Chris Yakopcic, Raqibul Hasan, Tarek M. Taha
To implement an activation function in our work, the amplifier at the output of the circuit is used to create a pseudo sigmoid function as shown in Figure 4. A linear amplifier transfer function (bounded by upper and lower voltage rails) matches the sigmoid relatively closely (see Equation (7)), and the simulation results in the following sections show that this is an effective alternative. To obtain the optimal linear fit of the sigmoid function m = 1/4 and b = 1/2. Using this piecewise linear sigmoid approximation, the function is no longer differentiable, but this approximation is only used during recognition, and the only detrimental effect is that recognition error is slightly increased. The standard sigmoid function is assumed to be used during training before the weights are programmed into the crossbar.