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Introduction
Published in Amitava Sil, Saikat Maity, Industrial Power Systems, 2022
A solar pond is a body of water that collects and stores solar energy. Solar energy will warm a body of water (that is exposed to the sun), but the water loses its heat unless some method is used to trap it. Water warmed by the sun expands and rises as it becomes less dense. Once it reaches the surface, the water loses its heat to the air through convection, or evaporates taking heat with it. The colder water, which is heavier, moves down to replace the warm water, creating a natural convective circulation that mixes the water and dissipates the heat. The design of solar ponds reduces either convection or evaporation in order to store the heat collected by the pond. They can operate in almost any climate. To store solar heat much more efficiently solar pond water is mixed with salt which collects and stores solar thermal energy.
Predicting Effectiveness of Solar Pond Heat Exchanger with LTES Containing CuO Nanoparticle Using Machine Learning
Published in Pethuru Raj Chelliah, Usha Sakthivel, Nagarajan Susila, Applied Learning Algorithms for Intelligent IoT, 2021
K. Karunamurthy, G. Suganya, M. Ananthi, T. Subha
Solar ponds (SPs) are water bodies with varying salinity gradient called halocline, i.e., the salinity of the pond increases with depth. These solar ponds possess three different distinct zones viz., upper convective zone (UCZ), non-convective zone (NCZ), and lower convective zone (LCZ). These zones have different densities due to the presence of salinity, and they store the thermal energy by arresting the convective effects. The solar radiation reaching the bottom of the pond heats the water of the LCZ as the density of the LCZ is higher, the bulk motion of water to the top surface of the pond is prevented, thereby the thermal energy is trapped within the LCZ itself. This collected and stored thermal energy at the LCZ is used for various engineering applications. Thus solar ponds are one of the most effective ways of capturing and storing solar energy [3]. The applications of solar ponds include industrial process heating, desalination, greenhouse heating, crop drying, electric power generation, refrigeration, and air conditioning. A typical schematic diagram of a solar pond is represented in Figure 14.1.
The Capability of Forward Osmosis in Irrigation Water Supply
Published in Iqbal M. Mujtaba, Thokozani Majozi, Mutiu Kolade Amosa, Water Management, 2018
Alireza Abbassi Monjezi, Maryam Aryafar, Alasdair N. Campbell, Franjo Cecelja, Adel O. Sharif
The proposed forward osmosis-thermal depression process with DME-water as the draw solution represents an effective approach to membrane-based seawater desalination, due to working at a pressure of less than 5 bar, which reduces the capital cost of the forward osmosis unit as there will be no requirement for high pressure pumps and pressure vessels. The solubility of DME in water decreases by lowering the operating pressure and increasing the temperature; therefore reverse-DME diffusion from the draw solution to the feed side can be purged and recycled back to the draw solution by decreasing the operating pressure of the feed solution. In addition, using a low-grade heat source, such as a solar pond, increases the cost-effectiveness of the system by reducing the electricity consumption of the process.
Experimental investigation of salinity gradient solar pond with nano-based phase change materials
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
M. Arulprakasajothi, N. Poyyamozhi, P. Chandrakumar, N. Dilip Raja, Yuvarajan D
A solar pond is a device that facilitates heat storage from solar radiation. The stored heat energy can be used for domestic, commercial, and industrial uses (Aravind kumar et al. 2019). The construction of the solar pond provides a free source of heat energy with a contribution of ample space and salt water (Poyyamozhi, and Karthikeyan 2022). Many pieces of literature have discussed the solar pond. If the ambient temperature is less than 100°C, a Salinity Gradient Solar Pond (SGSP) is employed. In the past, SGSPs were used in India. About 6000 m2 of SGSPs have been constructed in recent years. The SGSP was used to supply hot water to the dairy industry in the country (Amigo and Suárez 2017; Monjezi and Campbell 2016).
Performance improvement of solar still by using float wicks in different proportion of covered area
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Sudhir Kumar Singh, Shubham Jain, Madhup Kumar Mittal, Deepak Sharma
A shallow solar pond is a pool of water which stores solar thermal energy and suitable for domestic purposes and for supplying industrial process heat. In the present study, it is utilized as an external source of energy to the modified solar still during sunshine period. An additional heat transfer from SSP to MSS is an appropriate method because of less space requirements, less maintenance and can fulfil the requirement of external energy to the still during daylight hours. The only drawback of SSP is that it can transfer the heat to solar still during daytime only due to the less storage capacity. Figure 3 shows the pictorial view of shallow solar pond. Table 1 shows the dimension of SSP.
Solar-pond assisted reverse osmosis-electrodialysis system for seawater desalination and hydroponic fertilizer solution production
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
In the theoretical system diagram shown in Figure 1, a RO unit is used to desalinate a seawater stream to produce fresh water and a brine waste stream. RO is a membrane desalination technology that uses pressure to separate the ions from saltwater to produce fresh water. It is an energy-intensive process as high pressure is required. A pressure recovery turbine is also included in the system to lower the pressure of the stream exiting the RO unit and reutilize the recovered energy. The brine waste stream from the RO unit is sent to an ED unit with specialized monovalent membranes (Neosepta CMS and ACS univalent-selective ion-exchange membranes (Tokuyama Corp.) (Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program 2006)). ED units use ion-exchange membrane technology and an anode and cathode to separate ions from a solution into different streams: Concentrated and dilute. In this case, the membranes allow bivalent ions like Mg2+, Ca2+, and SO42- to pass and reject the Na+ and Cl− ions (Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program 2006). These ions enter the dilute stream, which can be used as a hydroponic fertilizer solution for agricultural purposes. The ions are beneficial for healthy plant growth, and the hydroponic solution ensures that less water is used overall in the agricultural process. Since both the ED and RO units require energy input, a solar pond is utilized with an ORC to produce electrical energy. The solar pond is a large body of saline water that absorbs the energy from the sun and heats up the water in levels. The sun hits the UCZ which has the lowest temperature of 25°C and the lowest concentration of salt. The water increases in salinity and temperature as it moves toward the bottom of the solar pond up to 90°C. The difference between the heat in the UCZ and LCZ is to be utilized in an ORC. The ORC includes a pump, turbine, condenser, evaporator, and generator to produce electricity by utilizing the different temperature water in the solar pond. The hot stream from the bottom layer of the solar pond is circulated through the evaporator, providing energy to the working fluid (R113) in the ORC.