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Renewable Energy Sources and Small Hydro Power Scenario in Mountainous Regions of Himalayas
Published in Krishan Arora, Suman Lata Tripathi, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Smart Electrical Grid System, 2023
Umesh C. Rathore, Sanjeev Singh, Pradeep Singh Thakur, Krishan Arora
This chapter provides a brief outline of various types of renewable energy sources available and the need to harnessing these sources to meet the increasing energy demand to reduce gap between demand and supply and also to protect the environment from ill effects of pollutants generated from harnessing conventional sources of energy. Among different types of renewable energy sources, small hydro is the cleanest and best option of renewable energy source to cater the power demands of remotest part of the world where providing electrical power through conventional grid systems is a tedious task. Integrating small hydro with other sources of renewable energy such as wind and solar is best option to providing reliable power using smart grid in hybrid power generation system. This chapter also covers the small hydro scenario in mountainous terrains of Himalayas by studying the electrical loading patterns and rainfall trends in the recent past by collecting the data from one of the Himalayan states to emulate them for complete mountainous range and also to suggest the suitable energy conversion technology to harness this vast small hydro potential.
Hydropower
Published in Robert Ehrlich, Harold A. Geller, John R. Cressman, Renewable Energy, 2023
Robert Ehrlich, Harold A. Geller, John R. Cressman
Hydropower, like all renewable energy sources, provides free fuel that never runs out and is more environmentally benign than fossil fuel sources. As we have noted earlier, hydro comprises some of the largest-scale power plants in the world, and hence, it offers economies of scale. Even though it is the largest renewable energy source for producing electricity, much undeveloped potential still exists—even in nations such as the United States, where the best sites have already been exploited. However, the very best opportunities are now probably in the developing nations, especially in Africa, where the amount that is technically feasible to exploit is roughly 20 times what currently exists. Moreover, in the emerging economic powerhouse that is China, the amount that can now be economically exploited is nearly seven times what now exists. Thus, not surprisingly, a large majority of the very large-scale hydro projects now under construction are in China. In fact, of the 14 latest large hydropower plants coming on line before 2021, 12 are in China, which will supply that nation with an additional 52,000 MW. Given China’s enormous energy needs, this is good news for the environment because hydro accounts for less CO2 emissions than any other energy source. Small hydro usage also has a great potential, particularly in rural areas of some developing nations, and it lacks the environmental problems of large facilities.
Carbon Reduction Technologies
Published in Stephen A. Roosa, Steve Doty, Wayne C. Turner, Energy Management Handbook, 2020
Stephen A. Roosa, Arun G. Jhaveri
Small hydropower—use of flowing water to power electric turbines (small hydro power plants are less than 30 megawatts in size). Of the total solar energy incident on Earth, approximately 21% is used for maintaining the global water cycle of evaporation and precipitation. Only 0.02% of this amount of energy is available as kinetic and potential energy stored in the rivers and lakes of the earth [9]. The water reserves of the earth are available in solid (ice), liquid (water), and gaseous (water vapor) conditions. The water reserve on the earth is continuously cycled by incident solar energy. This global water cycle is mainly fed by evaporation of water from oceans, plants and continental waters. The resulting precipitation which feeds snow fields, glaciers, streams, rivers, lakes, and ground water are sources for small hydropower. There are thousands of sites in the U.S. with existing dams that are available for mini-hydropower applications. A small hydropower installation at the Kentucky River Lock and Dam No. 2 in Mercer County, Kentucky (the Mother Ann Lee hydroelectric plant) provides power for the equivalent of 2,000 residences [10].
Renewable energy scenario in Telangana
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
D. Madan, P. Mallesham, Suresh Sagadevan, C. Veeramani
Hydropower plants are the oldest and the most reliable sources of obtaining renewable energy. The power produced from water is termed as hydropower. Power plants producing up to 100 kW, 101–2000kW, and 2–25 MW are termed as micro-, mini-, and small hydro power plants, respectively. Sidrapong (Darjeeling), commissioned in the year 1897 for power generation of about 130 kW, is the first hydropower plant in India. The other plants that followed were Shivasamundram at Mysore (2000kW) and Bhoorisingh in Chamba (40 kW) in 1902, Galogi at Mussoorie (3000 kW) in 1907, Jubbal (50 kW) in 1911, and Chhaba (1750kW) at Shimla in 1913 (Madan et al. 2015). The hydropower potential in India has been estimated to be about 15,000 MW. So far hundreds of small hydropower plant projects have been installed for the capacity of about 4379.86 MW. Telangana is having Perennial River such as Krishna and Godavari. From one small hydropower plant, it is getting 100 MW power. Many projects are under construction and till now the state is having huge potential for small hydropower plants.
Hydro-abrasive erosion in hydro turbines: a review
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2018
Saurabh Sangal, M. K. Singhal, R. P. Saini
The eminent attribute of small hydropower projects (SHP) is that they are mostly run-of-river (ROR) scheme and do not require the construction of a big reservoir. An assessment of hydropower against the indicators cost of electricity generation, GHG emissions, and the energy payback time (EPBT) concluded that small hydro power is a well-utilizable source for the sustainable development (Bhat and Prakash 2008a). SHP projects have two sources of revenues: selling electricity and CDM benefits (Purohit 2008). SHP has far lesser environmental impacts and hilly areas offer much better prospects for small hydro projects (Kesharwani 2006).
In-pipe hydropower vertical axis parallel turbines prototype: performance and workability testing
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Aima Mariaty Ahmad, Sabariah Julai, Iswadi Jauhari, Norfazila Mohd Sultan
Conventional hydropower is divided into four types, i.e., a run-of-river, storage (reservoir-based), pumped storage hydro, and in-stream (hydrokinetic) technologies (Simon and Harbunou 2019). They can further be sub-categorized into large-hydro (>100 MW), medium-hydro (15 to 100 MW), and small-hydro (<15 MW). Small hydro is further subdivided into mini-hydro (100 kW to 1 MW), micro-hydro (5 to 100 kW), and pico-hydro (<5 KW) (Coda, Gupta, and Robbins 2017).