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Peripheral Energy Markets
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Global Energy Market Trends, 2021
Some of the additional problems faced by wind power developers are: Difficulty in negotiating viable wind energy power purchase and off-taker agreements is the biggest challenge facing the wind power industry today. The current economic chaos and abundance of cheap energy, such as natural gas, has created an unfavorable pricing which makes the successful negotiation of purchase contracts difficult. That also makes it difficult to secure the important long-term revenue streams needed to fund new investments.Lack of viable, and/or inefficient, Federal Renewable Energy Standards is another major issue before the wind power industry. Strong Federal Standards are needed for wind owners and developers to get assurance of a viable and growing market for their wind energy now and in the future.Outdated and undeveloped electric power transmission infrastructure is another major industry challenge. Lack of efficient regional planning and effective federal and state transmission policies hinders the secure transmission investments needed to support new wind power generation projects.
Economic and Legal Aspects of Power Generation and the Environment
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Power Generation and the Environment, 2021
Some of the additional problems faced by wind power developers are: Difficulty in negotiating viable wind energy power purchase and off-taker agreements is the biggest challenge facing the wind power industry today. The current economic chaos and abundance of cheap energy, such as natural gas, has created an unfavorable pricing which makes the successful negotiation of purchase contracts difficult. That also makes it difficult to secure the very important long-term revenue streams needed to fund new investments.Lack of viable, and inefficient, Federal renewable energy standards is another major issue before the wind power industry. Strong federal standards are needed for wind owners and developers to get assurance of a viable and growing market for their wind energy now and in the future.Outdated and undeveloped electric power transmission infrastructure is another major industry challenge. Lack of efficient regional planning and effective federal and state transmission policies are hindering the secure transmission investments, as needed to support new wind power generation projects.
Power Distribution Fundamentals
Published in Dale R. Patrick, Stephen W. Fardo, Brian W. Fardo, Electrical Power Systems Technology, 2021
Dale R. Patrick, Stephen W. Fardo, Brian W. Fardo
The distribution of electrical power involves a very complex system of interconnected power transmission lines. These transmission lines originate at the electrical power-generating stations located throughout the geographic area. The ultimate purpose of these power transmission and distribution systems is to supply the electrical power necessary for industrial, residential, and commercial use. From the point of view of the systems, we may say that the overall electrical power system delivers power from the source to the load that is connected to it. Typical electrical power distribution systems are shown in Figure 8-1.
Hydrogen fuel supply chains for vehicular emissions mitigation: A feasibility assessment for North American freight transport sector
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 2023
Sandun Wanniarachchi, Kasun Hewage, Chan Wirasinghe, Hirushie Karunathilake, Rehan Sadiq
Electricity can be considered using several sources such as hydropower, nuclear, coal, natural gas, biomass, wind, and solar and are transmitted using power transmission lines. Similarly, numerous hydrogen production, distribution, and storage technologies can be identified. Different hydrogen production methods can be identified based on the technology and the feedstock used. These include steam methane reforming, coal gasification, electrolysis, bio-derived liquid reforming, thermochemical water splitting, photoelectrochemical hydrogen production, and biological hydrogen production. However, steam reforming, gasification, and electrolysis are the most commonly and widely used technologies at present. Distribution of hydrogen is done via pipelines, high-pressure tube trailers, and liquified hydrogen tankers.
A PSO Optimal Power Flow (OPF) Method for Autonomous Power Systems Interconnected with HVDC Technology
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2021
John E. Syllignakis, Fotios D. Kanellos
Keeping the power losses low for the electrical power transmission over long distances is a big challenge in modern power systems. In some cases, the strong rising share of renewable sources increased the distances between power generation and consumption. Submarine power transmission lines are being used more and more for interconnections between autonomous systems. Large scale off-shore wind production is an example, where often power has to be transmitted in cables over long distances to the mainland power grid [1]. High-voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission is a commonly used technology for long distance power transmission. Its higher investment cost compared to AC transmission system is compensated by lower power losses and increased stability margins for long distances [2]. The break-even transmission line length where the total construction and operation costs of overhead HVDC and AC lines become equal is typically 500–800 km [3]. However, the break-even point is typically less than 50 km for cables [4]. The increased use of HVDC transmission shows that future HVDC transmission systems are expected to comprise multiple terminals of several HVDC transmission lines [5]. Such systems are referred as multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) systems in the literature. One of the major technical obstacles in the deployment of system of this type, is the development of DC breakers [6]. In this direction, there are a few advanced ideas to realize this device in near future [7, 8].
A resilient hierarchical distributed model of a cyber physical system
Published in Cyber-Physical Systems, 2023
We apply the above method to create a hierarchical distributed model of a typical electric power system. We use a simplified electric power system as an example to illustrate the method. A typical electric power system consists of power generation station, power transmission station, power distribution station, and power load. The power system is equipped with a SCADA system. The power generation includes a generator, a step-up transformer, and a bus bar. The power is transmitted by a transmission line to a power transmission station containing step-down transformer(s). Another transmission line carries power to a distribution station. The power is then distributed to various loads. We develop substation units as made up of lower level RCPS units. For example, the generation substation unit RCPS is made up of one generator unit RCPS, two bus bar unit RCPS, one transformer unit RCPS, one router unit RCPS connected to a firewall RCPS as shown in Figure 7. The generator unit RCPS, in turn, is made up of the other lower levels RCPS units such as IED unit, circuit breaker, generator, current transformer, voltage transformer, and sensors. Similarly, the other higher level RCPS units are built based upon the lower level RCPS units. We cannot show the structure of all RCPS units due to the space limitation, it is important to point out that the embedded RCPS in a higher level RCPS, as shown in , have been compressed/truncated and some of the RCPSs are shown symbolically to make them fit into the diagrams. For example, sensorRCPS, genRCPS, etc., have been symbolically shown without revealing their inner structure. In the same way, the IEDUnitRCPS in Figure 7 shows only partly all the internal components.