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Scale mismatches
Published in C. Patrick Heidkamp, John Morrissey, Towards Coastal Resilience and Sustainability, 2018
Karen Alexander, Marcello Graziano
There are a range of anthropogenic activities occurring in Scottish waters. Historically, these have included exploitation of mineral and hydrocarbon resources, marine transportation and shipping, and commercial fisheries. In the financial year 2016–17, oil and gas production in Scotland is estimated to have been 74.7 million tonnes of oil equivalent, an increase of 2.9% on the previous year, valued at £17.5 billion (Scottish Government, 2017a). Ports and shipping provide for the transport of freight and passengers, including ferry services to the Scottish islands. The 11 major ports regularly handle over 1 million tonnes of freight per year. In 2015, 9.5 million passengers travelled by ferry and three million cars were transported on ferry routes (Transport Scotland, 2016). In 2016, Scottish-based vessels landed a total of 453,000 tonnes of sea fish and shellfish, with a value of £557 million, landed by 2,033 active Scottish-based vessels employing a total of 4,823 fishers (Scottish Government, 2017b). More recently, we have seen the development of new activities in the marine environment such as aquaculture and offshore renewable energy extraction. Production of the key aquaculture species, Atlantic salmon, during 2016 was 162,817 tonnes, undertaken by 15 businesses farming 253 active sites (Scottish Government, 2017c). For offshore renewable energy, a number of offshore windfarms are already in operation, mostly on the east coast. Although marine renewable energy requires further development prior to commercial operation, in August 2017, the MeyGen project, operating three tidal turbines in the Pentland Firth, generated 700 megawatt hours (MWh) over the course of the month (Coates, 2017). This increasing use of marine resources by different users of this environment has been driven largely by such needs as food and energy security, as well as economic development, and has the potential for substantial user conflict and significant impacts on Scotland’s ocean and coastal areas.
Technoeconomic evaluation of offshore green ammonia production using tidal and wind energy: a case study
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Honora Driscoll, Nicholas Salmon, Rene Bañares-Alcántara
The maximum tidal stream current speeds are above 4 m/s in the Pentland Firth, above 3.5 m/s in the Inner Sound of Stroma (next to the Isle of Stroma) (Goward Brown, Neill, and Lewis 2017), and almost 4 m/s at Fall of Warness (Neill et al. 2017). These fast current speeds ensure this region of Scottish waters is a globally prominent tidal energy hotspot (O’Hara Murray and Gallego 2017). SIMEC Atlantis is leading the deployment of tidal turbines globally (Tidal Stream 2022), specifically with their MEYGEN project (between mainland Scotland and the island of Stroma) which has a lease for the installation of 398 MW power (Meygen 2021).