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Introduction
Published in James H. Saling, Audeen W. Fentiman, Radioactive Waste Management, 2018
James H. Saling, Audeen W. Fentiman
Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act. This act specifies the policy of the federal government that each state is responsible for providing for the disposal of LLW generated within its borders and that LLW can be managed most safely and effectively on a regional basis. To carry out this policy, states may enter into compacts that do not take effect until Congress has consented to the compact by law. When this law was passed (1982) it was stated that after January 1, 1986, any such compact may restrict the use of the regional disposal facilities to the disposal of LLW generated within its compact region. However, because of the delay in forming state compacts, it was necessary to amend the LLW Policy Act to move this date to January 1, 1993, as discussed in Chapter 7.
Managing Low-Level Radioactive Waste
Published in Peter A. Reinhardt, Judith G. Gordon, Infectious and Medical Waste Management, 2018
Peter A. Reinhardt, Judith G. Gordon
Low-level radioactive waste is a broad and somewhat ambiguous category, defined not by what it is, but what it is not. It includes the least harmful types of radioactive waste. Low-level radioactive waste is defined in the Federal Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act of 1980 as radioactive waste not classified as high-level, transuranic, spent fuel, or certain by-product material.4 Excluded waste types are within the domain of nuclear power plants, fuel facilities, etc. (although these facilities also generate low-level radioactive waste). Most generators of infectious and medical waste generate only low-level radioactive waste.
Introduction
Published in Thomas E. Carleson, Nathan A. Chipman, Chien M. Wai, Separation Techniques in Nuclear Waste Management, 2017
Thomas E. Carleson, Nathan A. Chipman, Chien M. Wai
In order to select a separation process for a waste, one needs to develop a menu of options that reflects the impact of selecting which government regulations will dictate how (and where) the waste will be stored and/or disposed. The regulations are based upon the waste classification. The waste is classified based upon how the waste was generated and/or its constituents. More hazardous wastes require more elaborate and expensive disposal methods and sites. Wastes may be classified as high-level radioactive waste, low level radioactive waste hazardous wastes, mixed wastes (low or high level with hazardous components), and transuranic wastes. Low-level wastes are separated into Classes A, B, and C. Radioactive waste definitions for these classifications are set by various government agencies such as the DOE, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and some state environmental agencies.1 The DOE in Order 5820.2A specifies high-level waste (HLW) as the “highly radioactive waste material that results from the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, including liquid waste produced directly in reprocessing and any solid waste derived from the liquid, that contains a combination of transuranic waste and fission products in concentrations requiring permanent isolation”.2 A similar definition appears in 10 CFR 60 where irradiated reactor fuel is included and in 40 CFR 191 and 10 CFR 50, Appendix F.2–5 As noted above, the definition of high-level waste is based upon the waste source. An example of high-level waste is the calcine stored at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, which is considered high-level waste because it was produced by the processing of spent nuclear fuel.1
Development of a treatment process and immobilization method for the volume reduction of uranium-bearing spent catalysts for final disposal
Published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2018
Kwang-Wook Kim, Min-Jeong Kim, Maeng-Kyo Oh, Jimin Kim, Hyun-Hee Sung, Richard I. Foster, Keun-Young Lee
A private Korean company generated approximately 7,000 drums of spent uranium catalyst during production of acrylonitrile for the fabrication of synthetic fibers for 10 years until 2004 [3,13]. The spent uranium catalyst waste includes depleted uranium oxide (3 to 7 wt %, depending on the waste condition) mixed with several metal oxides such as antimony (Sb), iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al), all of which are impregnated into an SiO2 support (refer to Tables 1 and 2). As mentioned, the treatment method of radioactive waste should be determined according to waste characteristics and the environment of country where the waste is generated. Disposal costs for low-level radioactive waste in Korea is very expensive, approximately US$ 12,500 per a drum of 200 l as of 2018. Therefore, finding a reliable and practical management strategy to reduce the volume of the uranium catalyst waste destined for final disposal is imperative.
Fabrication and characterization of a new bifunctional imprinted polymer as a selective receptor for cobalt ions from aqueous medium
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Ahmed R. Elsalamouny, Rasha Gamal
Low-level radioactive waste contains the transition element cobalt, which is produced as a byproduct of nuclear reactor processes.[16,17] In addition, cobalt is used in various medical and industrial fields that require an effective separation of cobalt from other dissolved metal ions.[18–20] Furthermore, the presence of cobalt above the recommended acceptable limits in wastewater causes serious health hazards.[21–23]