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Fuel Cells
Published in Arumugam S. Ramadhas, Alternative Fuels for Transportation, 2016
Parthasarathy Sridhar, Sethuraman Pitchumani, Ashok K. Shukla
New Electric Car (NECAR 1) truly demonstrated the feasibility of using fuel cells for automotive applications (Schmid and Ebner 2003). NECAR 2, a six-seater minivan, fueled with compressed hydrogen, has a downsized FCS with improvised power, maximum speed, and range. NECAR 3 was the first car with a methanol reformer, demonstrating the feasibility of hydrogen generation onboard a compact car. NECAR 4, introduced in 1999, uses liquid hydrogen as fuel with the tank-to-wheel efficiency at 37%. Daimler Chrysler developed an improved version of NECAR 4 with a new generation fuel-cell by storing hydrogen in three aluminium tanks wrapped with carbon foils and pressurized up to 350 bar. NECAR 5, an improved version of NECAR 3, combines new fuel-cell technology, the MARK 900 stack series, with more effective thermal management of the reformer with further reduction in size and weight of the system. NEBUS (New Electric Bus), the first Daimler-Benz fuel-cell bus introduced in 1997, was designed for city and regional transportation of up to 58 passengers. The power output from the 250 kW FCS is similar to conventional diesel engines.
Applying Technology to Sustainability, Part II
Published in Julie Kerr, Introduction to Energy and Climate, 2017
At the national level, work is being done to encourage the information of heat-trapping emission requirements into the current renewable fuel standard. Several bills have also been introduced in congress that would establish low-carbon fuel standards. Advanced clean vehicle technologies are available now. Fuel cells have come a long way in research. Various cities in the world have demonstrated fuel cell bus programs, such as Chicago, Illinois, and Vancouver in Canada. In California, a partnership among automakers, the government, and fuel cell manufacturers is testing fuel cell technology and is expected to produce over 60 demonstration vehicles in the next few years.
Fuel Cells
Published in Michael F. Hordeski, Emergency and Backup Power Sources:, 2020
Ballard Power Systems is a major developer of fuel cells. In 1993, Ballard demonstrated a fuel-cell bus and surprised most of those attending an international energy conference. Buses were an ideal platform for a hydrogen-powered fuel cell, particularly for the bulky technology that existed in 1993. They offered a large roof that could be used for fuel storage, a flat floor for batteries and a large engine compartment that can house the cell. Municipal buses usually run out of a central depot that could be used for hydrogen production and storage.
Transitioning to zero-emission bus fleets: state of practice of implementations in the United States
Published in Transport Reviews, 2021
Aikaterini Deliali, Dany Chhan, Jennifer Oliver, Rassil Sayess, Krystal J. Godri Pollitt, Eleni Christofa
The fuel efficiency of a fuel cell bus ranges from 2.40 to 4.22 kWh/km compared to 3.83–6.03 kWh/km and 4.20–7.58 kWh/km, for diesel and CNG buses respectively (Table 6 and Figure 9).