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Design of High-Speed Interconnects for 3D/2.5D ICs without TSVs
Published in Aida Todri-Sanial, Chuan Seng Tan, Krzysztof Iniewski, Physical Design for 3D Integrated Circuits, 2017
Tony Tae-Hyoung Kim, Aung Myat Thu Linn
Capacitive coupling interconnect is a voltage-driven method, while inductive coupling interconnect is a current-driven one. Due to the proximity requirement, the capacitive coupling interconnect can be realized only in face-to-face die stacking. It has relatively low parasitic capacitance due to its relatively small electrode sizes and the lack of ESD structure. Therefore, the transceivers can operate at low power. In addition, the interconnect density of the capacitive coupling scheme is higher than that of the wire bonding, the microbump, and the inductive coupling scheme [15]. In this section, the modeling of the capacitive coupling interconnects and various capacitive coupling transceivers are discussed.
A Wearable ECG Sensor for Intelligent Cardiovascular Health Informatics
Published in Teena Bagga, Kamal Upreti, Nishant Kumar, Amirul Hasan Ansari, Danish Nadeem, Designing Intelligent Healthcare Systems, Products, and Services Using Disruptive Technologies and Health Informatics, 2023
Dhanashri H. Gawali, Vijay M. Wadhai, Minakshee Patil, Akshita S. Chanchlani
The major requirements of biopotential electrodes for long-term physiological monitoring include appropriate placement on the body, good electrical contact with the skin, good immunity to noise and motion artifacts, comfortable to wear without causing skin irritation, and it should not require skin preparation. The noncontact electrodes have recently been popular, which can sense signals with the sensor placed over clothing, where the cloth essentially acts as a dielectric material between metal sensor and skin. Dry capacitive electrodes are safe as no DC current flow through them; also, they do not suffer from half-cell potential. Thus, they are found suitable for mobile and long-term monitoring applications. However, they couple signals through a small capacitance (10s pF) [35–36]. Capacitive coupling has a disadvantage of degrading the low-frequency performance of the system. Hence, for adequate low-frequency response, the capacitance value must be high enough. Thus, electrodes with large specific surface area but less actual area are required to enhance the coupling capacitance. A higher value of capacitance can be achieved by reducing the thickness of dielectric material, increasing the dielectric constant of dielectric material, and increasing the area of electrode. A flexible polymer matrix nanocomposite material-based electrode with suitable electrical and mechanical properties are potential candidates to meet these requirements. Using them in capacitive arrangements would be beneficial to enhance skin electrode impedance as they tend to increase the value of capacitance. Figure 6.3 shows the proposed electrode structure with approximate dimensions. To meet the requirements, flexible material such as poly-dimethyl-siloxane (PDMS) with barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles (nanoBaTiO3) and silver nanowires (AgNW) as fillers were used as a dielectric and metal layer, respectively.
Metamaterial Loaded Antenna with Improved Efficiency and Gain for Wideband Application
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
KM Neeshu, Anjini Kumar Tiwary
An approach is followed here to design unit cells, where the negative value of permittivity of the unit cell appears after the operating frequency band. The unit cell size is 3.6 mm × 3.6 mm, which is smaller as given in [1] and gives a wideband response. The dimension of the unit cell is comparable to λg/12, which ensures the periodic condition of the metamaterial. Figure 1(a) shows a square-shaped unit cell, which is divided into four identical sections each consisting of a triangle-shaped capacitive coupled resonator (TSCCR). Here, the triangle shape is chosen because it utilizes the inner space of the conventional split-ring resonator (SRR) efficiently. Two types of coupling exist in this unit cell which is the intra-capacitive coupling between four TSCCR within a single unit cell and inter-capacitive coupling between immediate unit cells. This coupling gives lower frequency shifts. Thus, the unit cell is miniaturized as compared to conventional SRR. Bottom unit cell is square shaped which consists of diagonal cross slot, as depicted in Figure 1(b). The top and bottom unit cells have the same size. The dimensions of the proposed unit cell, as shown in Figure 1, are W1 = 3.60 mm, L1 = 3.60 mm, W2 = 0.20 mm, L2 = 3.20 mm, W3 = 2.40 mm, L3 = 1.70 mm, g = 0.50 mm, W4 = 3.75 mm and L4 = 2.65 mm.
Substrate noise evaluation for lightly doped 45nm N-MOSFET using physical simulation models
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2023
Sanjay Sharma, R. P. Yadav, Vijay Janyani
Each gate will have at least one common substrate contact in a digital circuit. So, in the digital design, there will be many substrate contacts. Hence, there will be a very low impedance in the digital circuit to the substrate surface within the digital circuit area. A voltage fluctuation will be presented in the digital circuit’s substrate area. The injection of noise mechanism is generally dominant in digital ICs (Integrated circuits). If the substrate is contacted from analog circuit to analog ground, a low impedance will be generated, and this reacts to the noise substrate in the analog area to be represented in the analog ground. To overcome this issue, a high sufficient PSRR (Power Supply Rejection Ratio) of the analog circuit is needed to avoid low performance. Capacitive coupling of PN Junctions. This capacitance can be approximated to the equation ().
Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles; a Comprehensive Review on Planning, Operation, Configurations, Codes and Standards, Challenges and Future Research Directions
Published in Smart Science, 2022
Payam Farhadi, Seyed Masoud Moghaddas Tafreshi
Considering the aforementioned chargers, there are two types of charging topologies for EV chargers: conductive charging and contactless (or inductive) charging [43,46]. The former is further divided into slow charging via on-board facilities (AC Levels 1 and 2) and fast charging via off-board facilities (DC Level). The latter uses WPT technology that is able to work in every voltage levels with the power rating and efficiency up to 20 kW and 90%, respectively [46]. WPT technology is also divided into four different types: (i) resonant inductive coupling power transfer (efficiency 50–95%), (ii) inductive coupling power transfer (efficiency 80–88%), (iii) capacitive coupling power transfer (efficiency 78%), and (iv) low-frequency permanent magnet coupling power transfer (efficiency 81%) [46]. The coupling distance for each of the above methods is different, ranging from 6 to 30 cm. It should be also mentioned that the operating frequency for these methods are in range of several Hz up to MHz. WPT also known as road charging is a technology used mostly on roads to conveniently/safely charge EVs [26].