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Central Operation and Control of Power Systems
Published in George Kusic, Computer-Aided Power Systems Analysis, 2018
1.4. Central digital computer control of the generators on a power system is called automatic generation control (AGC). The computer is employed in a periodic mode, measuring a generator’s output every T seconds and commanding a new power level every T seconds. It is essentially a sampled-data control. Local ser-vomechanisms on the turbine generator ensure that the unit has reasonable response to power demand changes. A typical computer-generating unit control loop is shown in Figure P1.4. Z-1 corresponds to a delay of one sampled-data point in terms of Z-transform theory. As part of the AGC design process, the properties of the basic control loop must be known. For T = 8 sec, do the following: Determine the largest value of K that is possible for a stable loop if the time constant of the unit is a = 8 sec and a = 105 sec. Convert continuous elements to Z-transforms and analyze as a numerical process.Compute the time history of the output power for a step change in power demand for both a = 105 sec and a = 7 sec. Use the value K = 0.125, which converts a 1 MW computer power demand into a 1 MW servomechanism change at the unit by means of integrating for 8 sec.
Automatic Generation and Frequency Control—AGC and AFC
Published in J.C. Das, Power Systems Handbook: Load Flow Optimization and Optimal Power Flow, 2018
We have seen that the load at any instant in a power system is not constant and is continuously varying. For the power system stability and control, it is necessary that the varying load demand is met by loading and unloading the generating sources, taking these out of service and bringing them in service as soon as practical. The contingency load flow adds further complexity to this fundamental problem of meeting the varying load demand. Under contingency conditions, say under a fault when a certain route of power flow is taken out of service, the load demand should be met by alternate routes of power flows. Automatic generation control (AGC) is defined as the automatic regulation of the mechanical power to synchronous generators within a predefined control area.
Power generation control
Published in Fred I. Denny, David E. Dismukes, Power System Operations and Electricity Markets, 2017
Fred I. Denny, David E. Dismukes
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is a means of automatically controlling the outputs of power-generating units to accomplish economic dispatch, and maintain system frequency and power flows over tie lines at desired levels. AGC, sometimes referred to as load control or load frequency control, is performed at energy control centers or energy coordination centers using energy management systems. Energy management systems acquire data from the power system and use computers to process the data. Modern energy management systems usually have sophisticated provisions for operator interaction and include the equipment and communications required to send control signals to generating units.
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of Wind Power System: An Least Squares-Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) Radial Basis Function (RBF) Kernel Approach
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2018
Gulshan Sharma, Ibraheem Nasiruddin, K. R. Niazi, R. C. Bansal
In an interconnected power system, a sudden load perturbation in any area causes the deviation of frequencies of all the areas and also in the tie-line powers. The function of automatic generation control (AGC) is to maintain desired megawatt output and the nominal frequency besides maintaining the power interchange between control areas at predetermined values. The power systems are growing with more and more wind power generations and penetrations. However, with increasing trends of wind power generations and penetrations, the frequency control problem may arise due to nonparticipation of wind generators in AGC. Extensive researches have been made in the design and development of AGC using different control strategies. The power system is highly non-linear, complex and contains different types of uncertainties such as parametric variations, error in modeling and load variations. Further, with increasing wind power penetrations, the system becomes more complex and fixed controllers based on classical control theory is unsuitable for AGC problem [1].
Application of a novel PIPDF controller in an improved plug-in electric vehicle integrated power system for AGC operation
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Prasun Sanki, Mousumi Basu, Partha Sarathi Pal, Debapriya Das
Electrical power system is a large dynamical system where the generation and load demand are continuously varying in nature. These power imbalances between the generation and load side result in frequency and tie-line power deviations in the power grid. In this connection, automatic generation control (AGC) plays a vital role in regulating the grid frequency and tie-line power flow between the different control areas, maintaining synchronism between total generated power and load demand (Tah and Das 2016; Debnath, Mallick, and Sahu 2017; Chintu et al. 2019). In the past few decades, renewable power producers (RPPs) are widely utilised with the conventional power generators (CPGs) (such as thermal power units and hydro power plants) to reduce the high carbon emission and environmental degradation. Nowadays, solar power generations (SPGs) and wind power generations (WPGs) are widely used among the available RPPs in coordination with CPGs. It is noteworthy that the available power outputs from SPGs and WPGs are strictly dependent on the environmental conditions and intermittent in nature. Therefore, the fluctuated output power introduces continuous frequency and tie-line power oscillations in the grid. Longer persistence of such condition can be the reason for the system instability (Hasanien and El-Fergany 2016; Sanki and Basu 2018; Khokhar, Dahiya, and Singh Parmar 2020; Sahu, Prusty, and Panda 2020a, Gupta et al. 2018, 2020). To deal with such a condition, plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) has been evolved as a suitable alternative to SPG and WPG, as it is able to dispatch power immediately (Izadkhast, Garcia-Gonzalez, and Frías 2014).
Adaptive differential evolution tuned hybrid fuzzy PD-PI controller for automatic generation control of power systems
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Jagan Mohana Rao Chintu, Rabindra Kumar Sahu, Sidhartha Panda
Automatic generation control (AGC) plays a major part for satisfactory performance of power systems. AGC is responsible for regulating frequency under sudden power demands of the end-users. The chief aim of AGC is to establish the equilibrium among generation and load demand to diminish frequency deviances. An AGC system restores the generators set point automatically by appropriate governing strategy (primary controller) in order to compensate the inconsistency among load demand and power generated (Elgerd 2000; Bevrani 2009; Liu et al. 2016). Therefore, an appropriate, smart AGC strategy is vital to correct the frequency irregularities in power systems.