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Risk of water inflow
Published in M.L. Jeremic, Rock Mechanics in Salt Mining, 2020
The presence of water in evaporite-bearing strata may cause adverse effects in salt mines due to the high solubility of salt. For this reason salt mining is singled out for the hazard of water inflow into the mines since interaction between salt and water cannot be avoided due to the easy dissolution of the salts. The groundwater inflow may be to such a degree that dry mining becomes impossible and only solution mining could be implemented. The hazard due to water penetration into salt mines is discussed in four separate topics
The Indian Ocean Region
Published in Ranadhir Mukhopadhyay, Victor J. Loveson, Sridhar D. Iyer, P.K. Sudarsan, Blue Economy of the Indian Ocean, 2020
Ranadhir Mukhopadhyay, Victor J. Loveson, Sridhar D. Iyer, P.K. Sudarsan
Nearly 6 million people in Bangladesh are engaged in the sea salt production industry and the shipbreaking industry (Patil et al., 2018). Salt mining and associated downstream industries created 5 million jobs and supported 25 million livelihoods (Al Mamun et al., 2014). The coastal sand consists of heavy minerals such as zircon, ilmenite, rutile, kyanite, garnet, magnetite, and monazite (Hossain et al., 2015) and could be explored for mining. After the resolution of the maritime boundary with Myanmar, the newly added offshore areas showed the potential of oil and gas reserves. Especially, in the southern island district of Bhola, huge reserves of natural gas were discovered to the tune of 700 billion cubic feet (www.theindependentbd.com/post/120371). The shipbuilding sector is also projected to increase by 10–15% in the next decade.
Resource recovery and utilization of bittern wastewater from salt production: a review of recovery technologies and their potential applications
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2021
Arseto Yekti Bagastyo, Afrah Zhafirah Sinatria, Anita Dwi Anggrainy, Komala Affiyanti Affandi, Sucahyaning Wahyu Trihasti Kartika, Ervin Nurhayati
Annual global salt production exceeded 290 million tons in 2019, of which 58% was contributed by China, the United States, India, Germany, Australia, and Canada [1]. Approximately 60% of the total salt produced is consumed by the chemical industry, 30% by the food processing industry, and 10% is used in other applications such as ice control and road stabilization, water treatment, etc. [2]. The basic methods used in the global salt industry involve (i) an evaporation system, i.e. artificial (open-pan and vacuum evaporation) or natural solar evaporation, and (ii) rock salt mining [3]. Artificial evaporation using a vacuum method and a heat exchanger is commonly used to evaporate large amounts of brine to extract the salt. During this process, purification of the brine (through the addition of lime, gypsum/alkali, a decantation process, mixing of the mother liquor, and nanofiltration) and purification of the solid salt (through flotation, electrostatic separation, and a thermal-adhesive process) can be applied to reduce the impurities in the brine. The formation of scale in the evaporation equipment can be avoided in this way, and high-purity salt (> 99%) can be achieved. However, artificial evaporation is not considered to be an eco-friendly method, as it is very energy-intensive and can give rise to a large carbon footprint. Likewise, the processes associated with rock salt mining (drilling, cutting, blasting, and the use of enormous amounts of water to dissolve the salt) are prone to creating catastrophic impacts such as ground collapse, flooding, and degradation of groundwater [3].