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The role of geotechnics in surface mining operations and post-mining site development
Published in R. N. Chowdhury, Geomechanics and Water Engineering in Environmental Management, 2017
The method of back-fill placement depends upon the excavation method. In many cases it is necessary to form an external overburden dump with the material removed from the initial box cut. Dragline spoil is cast directly into the dump area with the minimum amount of handling. Truck transported spoil is placed in the back-fill area by either end tipping over the loose-wall or by placing it in layers in a controlled manner. Scraper transported material is placed in the back-fill in layers and may be run over by heavy site plant any number of times before fresh material is placed on top. Back-filling of final voids is usually carried out by trucks to planned restoration levels and finished by graders and dozers.
In-pit crushing and conveying technology in open-pit mining operations: a literature review and research agenda
Published in International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 2020
Morteza Osanloo, Morteza Paricheh
The IPCC system comprises a combination of feeding, crushing, conveying and discharging systems. The newest classification in 2011 [30] categorizes the systems into three types – fully mobile, semi-mobile/semi-fixed, and fixed – based upon the crusher’s feeding system, mobility and shape. The fully mobile crushers that are directly fed by shovel/loader or a combination of dozer and dragline are able to move simultaneously by face advance. They are installed on a self-advancing system. A fully mobile system completely eliminates the need for trucks and therefore has a much greater potential than other types of the IPCC systems to reduce operational costs. Semi-mobile systems are mounted on a steel structure and typically located in a box-cut-shaped area within benches near the centroid of working faces for a period of one to 10 years and are fed by mining trucks. These systems are relocated by commercially available crawlers. Semi-fixed systems are very similar to the semi-mobile systems but they are not relocated as frequently as semi-mobile in-pit crushers relocated. The planned frequency of moves for semi-fixed crusher is not less than 5 years. Fixed-type in-pit crushers are placed in a position inside of the pit and are not intended to be relocated for a period of 15 years or more. They are also typically installed in a concrete structure and fed by trucks.