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Assessing the physical-mechanical properties of ferruginous sandstone
Published in Koen Van Balen, Els Verstrynge, Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions: Anamnesis, Diagnosis, Therapy, Controls, 2016
R. Hayen, L. Fontaine, H. De Clercq
masonry is preferred except for utility constructions exposed to running water (e.g. watermills, sluices, quaysides and bridge pillars). For some unknown reasons, ferruginous sandstone remains preferred for constructions in contact with running water, and this until it is replaced by the compact bluestone of Tournai by the early 19th century. By then, most commercial exploitation of ferruginous sandstone of the Diest Formation apparently no longer exists, with the exception of some local, temporary excavations. All of this changes towards the end of the 19th century following the need for replacing severely weathered stone blocks of several monuments, amongst others, the Our Lady's Church of Aarschot, the Maiden Tower of Zichem and the St. Sulpice's and St. John's churches of Diest. Some quarries re-open, like the `Wijngaardberg'at Wezemaal and the `Steenkot' at Kelbergen (RLNH 2007). Ferruginous sandstone is well known as a heterogeneous construction material, sensitive to erosion and often leading to a very heterogeneous damage pattern, which makes the selection of suitable materials and intervention techniques for restoration difficult (Figure 2). Some stone blocks may exhibit at first sight practically no damage, while neighboring blocks may have lost their internal cohesion and exhibit material loss over several centimeters depth. Such variations can appear even within a single block of ferruginous
Classical Temples and Industrial Stores: Survey Analysis of Historic Unreinforced Masonry (URM) Precincts to Inform Urban Seismic Risk Mitigation
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2018
Stacy Vallis, Francisco Gálvez, Moustafa Swidan, Caroline Orchiston, Jason Ingham
Studies of local architectural history, such as the account provided by historian John Stacpoole, suggest that New Zealand’s “street facades of the decades at the turn of the century are living museums of European culture, exuberant and eclectic, casting aside any earlier notions of simplicity to create strident effects of instant sophistication. Colonial functionalism, spiritually unsatisfactory in a remote country, was no longer felt to be sufficient” (Stacpoole 1972). Peter Shaw supports this view, by pointing out that the turn of the century saw a solid consolidation and employment of European-derived architectural styles within New Zealand’s colonial context (Shaw 2003). Governments, banks and commercial organizations substantially invested in producing impressive architectural monuments reflecting recovery from a long depression dating from 1879 (Shaw 2003) (Figure 2a,b,c). Adaptations of international architectural influences were determined by economic situation, more so than by local climate or geography (Stacpoole 1972). Nevertheless, the historic source and supply of various durable building stones such as Canterbury Halswell stone, Dunedin bluestone, Port Chalmers breccia, Central Otago schist, and the characteristic Oamaru limestone has been traced, whereas discussion of material properties lies outside the scope of the study (Porter 1983).
Characterisation of the tensile performance of bonding agents for the restoration of heritage dimension stone from southeast Australia
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2023
Victorian Bluestone is a volcanic basalt that originates in western Victoria and dates at 4.5 Ma. Historically the bluestone was quarried by convict labour and was sent back to England as ballast in ships. The stone can be seen in buildings around the port areas of London. The stone has an average grainsize of 0.2 mm and porosity of up to 18% (Trigg, 2017; Walter, 2018).