China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Beams and Frames
Published in Xiaolin Chen, Yijun Liu, Finite Element Modeling and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench, 2018
Beams are slender structural members subjected primarily to transverse loads. A beam is geometrically similar to a bar in that its longitudinal dimension is significantly larger than the two transverse dimensions. Unlike bars, the deformation in a beam is predominantly bending in transverse directions. Such a bending-dominated deformation is the primary mechanism for a beam to resist transverse loads. In this chapter, we will use the term “general beam” for a beam that is subjected to both bending and axial forces, and the term “simple beam” for a beam subjected to only bending forces. The term “frame” is used for structures constructed of two or more rigidly connected beams.
Load-bearing capacity of slender earth masonry walls under compression
Published in Jan Kubica, Arkadiusz Kwiecień, Łukasz Bednarz, Brick and Block Masonry - From Historical to Sustainable Masonry, 2020
According to EN 1996, the cross-sectional load-bearing capacity of masonry walls may generally be determined with the assumption of ideal-plastic compressive behaviour, which is why this is considered as a second approach in order to get comparable numerical results. The ascending part of the stress-strain relation is therefore similar to the first approach according to fib Model Code 2010. Hence, the deformation behaviour and the corresponding second order effects are considered similar. In contrast to the approach of fib Model Code 2010, the stress however remains constant after reaching its peak without any strain limitation (see Figure 4). Due to the missing strain limitation, the load-bearing capacity converges against the ideal-plastic capacity under the condition that high cross-sectional strains are obtained. However, high strains cannot be reached by walls with large slenderness because stability failure occurs before the cross-sectional load-bearing capacity is obtained. In contrast, walls with low slenderness can reach high strains without obtaining large deformations due to their high bending stiffness. This prevents stability failure and results in an almost ideal-plastic cross-sectional load-bearing capacity, given the fact that the stress remains constant after reaching its maximum and the strains are not restricted. At higher slenderness, the bending stiffness of the model decreases which in turn rises its transverse deformations. If the transverse deformations exceed a critical value before the cross-sectional load-bearing capacity is reached, stability failure is governing instead of cross-sectional failure. In this case, only the ascending part of the stress-strain relation is relevant.
Highway Bridge Loads and Load Distribution
Published in Wai-Fah Chen, Lian Duan, Bridge Engineering Handbook, 2019
Note that in this chapter, superstructure refers to the deck, beams or truss elements, and any other appurtenances above the bridge soffit. Substructure refers to those components that support loads from the superstructure and transfer load to the ground, such as bent caps, columns, pier walls, footings, piles, pile extensions, and caissons. Longitudinal refers to the axis parallel to the direction of traffic. Transverse refers to the axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
Multi-scale finite element analysis of effective elastic property of sisal fiber-reinforced polystyrene composites
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2021
Adewale George Adeniyi, Samson Akorede Adeoye, Damilola Victoria Onifade, Joshua O. Ighalo
The transverse modulus is the ratio of transverse stress to the transverse strain. It is the response of sisal-reinforced polystyrene composite during the application of load perpendicular to the fiber direction. The effect of fiber loading on the transverse modulus of sisal-reinforced polystyrene composites is shown in Figure 8. The experimental analysis result shows a considerable deterioration in transverse modulus with increase in fiber loading from 10% to 20%. This can be attributed to the crack propagation in the direction of fiber alignment as the fibers act as barriers and prevent the distribution of stresses throughout the matrix, and this in turn causes higher concentration of localized stresses. The experimental result obtained is compared with the phenomenological model (rule of mixtures and Halpin–Tsai) result and FEA results for square RVE with circular fiber and hexagonal RVE with circular fiber. In contrast to the experimental result, the FEA and analytical model results show a considerable increase in transverse modulus at increasing fiber loading from 10% to 30%. Similar result was also reported by Devireddy and Biswas [6] in which the transverse modulus increases with increase in fiber volume fraction and observed that the transverse modulus evaluated by FEA with hexagonal RVE was more close to the Halpin–Tsai model.
FEA of effective elastic properties of banana fiber-reinforced polystyrene composite
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2021
Adewale George Adeniyi, Akorede Samson Adeoye, Joshua O. Ighalo, Damilola Victoria Onifade
The transverse modulus is the ratio of transverse stress to the transverse strain. It is the response of banana reinforced polystyrene composite during the application of load perpendicular to the fiber direction. Figure 7 shows the effect of fiber volume fraction on transverse modulus of composites. As shown in the figure, the transverse modulus increases with fiber volume fraction. The finite element analysis result is in good agreement with the rule of mixtures, Halpin–Tsai model and Nielsen Elastic model.