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Published in Jonathan Hetreed, Ann Ross, Charlotte Baden-Powell, Architect's Pocket Book, 2017
Jonathan Hetreed, Ann Ross, Charlotte Baden-Powell
The Celsius scale is a scale of temperature on which water freezes at 0º and boils at 100º under standard conditions. It was devised by Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer (1701–44). He originally designated zero as the boiling point of water and 100º as freezing point. The scale was later reversed.
Nanolubrication and tribological behaviour of the rolling process – a review
Published in Surface Engineering, 2023
Sidhant Kumar Sabar, Subrata Kumar Ghosh
Oxide scales are inherent during the rolling process and must be concealed [106]. The oxide scales hinder the production yield and are responsible for the continuous maintenance of the lubricant and cooling reservoir system [95]. Hence, reducing the oxide scale will improve production. Water, temperature, oxygen-contacting metal, the chemical composition of the treated material, accessible space, and environment stimulates the generation of oxide scale [56,107,108]. The scale facilitates lubricity but depletes surface quality and manufacturing yield [107,109,110]. The oxide scale, on the other hand, functions as an isolation layer between the metal and the external working environment. Considering both the benefits and drawbacks of the oxide scales, dense and thin oxide scale is preferred [59]. According to classical kinetics, the formation of oxide scale with temperature is exponential [22]. The application of lubricant, which acts as a coolant, lowers the temperature and controls the formation of thick scales [70]. Additionally, the addition of nanoparticles alters the lubricant’s viscosity and thermal conductivity [12,111,112]. Establishing a lubricating layer would prevent oxidation [113]. Water as a lubricant can significantly increase oxide scale production during hot rolling operations. The inclusion of nanoparticles reduces the water content [114]. Thus, nano-suspension with its improved thermal conductivity fosters access cooling and generates an isolating layer for oxidation [115]. The synergistic impact of the nanolubricant coating and the thin uniform oxide scale prevents further oxidation.
Effects of thermal expansion on Taylor dispersion-controlled diffusion flames
Published in Combustion Theory and Modelling, 2022
Prabakaran Rajamanickam, Adam D. Weiss
In presenting results of the four controlling parameters S, Q/S, and , we shall fix since this relation approximately holds for hydrocarbon–air and hydrogen–air combustion [7]. Values of the stoichiometric mixture fraction are prescribed instead of S. Sample numerical results for three values of and two different Lewis numbers and , representing hydrogen and heavy hydrocarbon fuels, respectively, are shown in Figure 1 for . The adiabatic flame temperature is used to scale the temperature field while plotting the results.
History of ‘temperature’: maturation of a measurement concept
Published in Annals of Science, 2020
A degree of temperature, however, was not a unit of measure. Something with a temperature of 45° was hotter than something with a temperature of 44°, but that difference was not necessarily the same as the difference between 46° and 45°. Not all degrees represented the same quantity. The numbers were members of an ordered set but did not indicate quantities on an absolute scale. In 1848, William Thomson (known to us now as Lord Kelvin) proposed to construct an absolute scale for temperature based on the latest research into the ratio at which mechanical work can be converted to heat, and vice versa. It took him six years, but with help from James Prescott Joule, he succeeded. Temperature took its place with pressure, weight, and length as an objective, measurable, physical quantity. Only after that would Maxwell’s statement – ‘The temperature of a body is a quantity which indicates how hot or cold the body is’ – seem natural and obvious.