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Cogeneration of Renewable Energy from Biomass (Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste as Electricity Production: Gasification Method)
Published in Elena Cristina Rada, Thermochemical Waste Treatment, 2017
Misgina Tilahun, Omprakash Sahu, Manohar Kotha, Hemlata Sahu
The reactor vessel was dual-shell type with an insert made of titanium, widely utilized as corrosion-resistant metal, and a pressure shell. The reactor used in this study was also equipped with auxiliaries such as a stirrer, thermocouples, nozzles, and a pressure gauge. The reaction was initiated by immersing the reactor into molten salt bath (mass ratio of salt was adjusted to K2NO3:NaNO2:NaNO3 = 6:5:1). After lapse of predefined time, the reactor was taken out of the bath and subsequently quenched to stop the reaction. HPLC high-pressure pump was used for feeding the distilled water to the reactor to adjust the reaction pressure precisely. The reaction temperature was measured by K-type thermocouple and pressure with digital pressure gauge. The reactor was loaded with deionized water and initial sewage sludge (2 wt % of deionized water) for every experiment (250 rpm and particles size 180 μm). The amount of catalyst was 20 wt % of the organic waste. Then, the air in the reactor was replaced with argon gas. The reactor was sealed and put into the sand bath heated at reaction temperature. It took about 3 min for the reactor to reach the setting reaction temperature around 700 °C. It took about 2 min for final setting of the reaction pressure and reaction time will be considered as zero. As the reaction pressure increased by about 1 MPa than the initial reaction pressure for all experiments, the reaction pressure was assumed to be the initial reaction pressure of the experiment.
Method to reduce harmful emissions when diesel locomotives operate in coal mines
Published in Vladimir Litvinenko, Topical Issues of Rational Use of Natural Resources 2019, 2019
A.M. Eremeeva, N.K. Kondrasheva, G.I. Korshunov
The synthesis of ester was realised by a transesterification reaction of vegetable oil with various alcohols. In a 250 ml three-neck flask a mixture of reagents (alcohol and vegetable oil) was prepared. The volume of oil was taken to be 112 ml, alcohol - 62 ml (the molar ratio alcohol to oil is 6: 1, the mass ratio is 1: 2.06). A stirrer was placed in a three-necked flask, a reverse water cooler and a mercury thermometer were installed. The flask was placed in a sand bath. The intensity of mixing was regulated on a mixer at 250 rpm. Heating and stirring were started simultaneously. After heating the oil, alcohol and the catalyst were added using a pipette (Gerasimov 2015, Mitusova et al. 2017).
Investigation of road bitumen ageing by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy
Published in Vladimir Litvinenko, Innovation-Based Development of the Mineral Resources Sector: Challenges and Prospects, 2018
A.V. Raspopina, E.V. Salamatova
Ageing was carried out on a sand bath placed on an oven. It provides heating to required temperatures (163�C, 180�C, 200�C and 220�C). Temperature of sample was maintained with an accuracy �2�C and monitored by thermometer. Thermometer was placed in the reaction mass. Duration of oxidation procedure was 2 hours.
Iron Precipitation Strategies from Nickel Laterite Ore Sulfuric Acid Leach Liquor
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2022
Marcelle de Fátima da Silva, Mateus Rodrigues de Sousa Oliveira, Iranildes Daniel dos Santos, Patrícia Radino-Rouse, Marcelo Borges Mansur
Different precipitation strategies used to obtain selective iron removal with minimum losses of cobalt and nickel were investigated. The following neutralizing/hydrolyzing agents were used at varying concentrations (all reagents used were analytical grade): NH4OH (Vetec, 28% NH3 purity), NaOH (Isofar, 99% purity), and CaO (Isofar, 98% purity). Precipitation tests were carried out in a 2 L glass reactor, with mechanical agitation (overhead agitator), baffles, and a reflux condenser. The reactor was heated up and kept in a sand bath to maintain its temperature constant. All tests were performed at a temperature of 92.5 ± 2.5°C, with a volume of 500 mL. Solutions were kept under constant stirring of 300 rpm (Ika, Euro ST-D model). The choice of temperature range and reagents was based on the literature (Dutrizac 2008; Dutrizac and Jambor 2000; Shen et al. 2013; Zhu et al. 2010) and on data obtained in industrial operations.
Synthesis of NiMo/La-Al2O3 powders for efficient catalytic transesterification of triglyceride with the high yield of 95.2%
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Chenghuan Yang, Liang He, Qingqing Guan, Jiajing Chen, Rongrong Miao, Lei Tao, Ningmeng Hu, Bin Li
The experimental device has been described in detail in our previous work [26]. Transesterification reactions were performed in a custom-made mini reactor with an internal volume of 4.0 mL. In this process, the mass ratio of triacylglycerol to liquid methanol was 1:3–1:15. The NiMo/La-Al2O3 catalyst loading was 1%–15.0 wt% in the reactor. Then the reactor was vertically positioned in a Techne fluidized sand bath (modelSBL-2). The reaction time was carried out for 15–180 min and the temperatures were set to 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, and 200°C. Then the vessels were removed from the sand bath and cooled to room temperature. Lastly, the reactor was opened and the products were washed with acetone at least for three times so that all products were recovered for constant volume of 10 mL.
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (Indian mustard): a putative plant species to facilitate the phytoremediation of mercury contaminated soils
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2020
Deep Raj, Adarsh Kumar, Subodh Kumar Maiti
The presence of chloride ions in the residue can enhance the solubility of SMHg. Therefore, the availability of chloride ions in the residue was tested before proceeding to the extraction process of the SMHg. Since, the soil samples were initially spiked with the Hg salt of HgCl2. Thus, it is necessary to remove chloride ions from the residue samples. For this, the protocol used by Fernández-Martínez et al. (2005) was followed in this study, in which 5 mL of double distilled water was added to each sample, and centrifuges at 3,200 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was separated through a pipette. 0.1 M of AgNO3 solution was added dropwise to the extracted supernatant. The procedure was repeated until the supernatant gets clear. A solution of 1:2 (v/v) HNO3:double distilled water was prepared, and used as the extraction solution for the extraction of SMHg from soil samples. A volume of 5 mL of extract solution was added to the residue remaining in the centrifuge tube, after the chloride test. The mixture was shaken and heated at 95 °C for 20 min in a sand bath. After that, the samples were cooled and centrifuged at 3,200 rpm for 5 min. Later on, the extraction procedure was repeated after the collection of supernatant. The remaining residue of extracted soil samples was washed with double distilled water, and finally, the water rinse was combined with the collected supernatant. The final solution was stored at 4° C and analyzed within 48 h in CV-AAS.