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Biowastes for Metal–Sulfur Batteries
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Energy from Waste, 2022
Chaofeng Zhang, Quanwei Ma, Longhai Zhang, Rui Wang, Hao Li, Tengfei Zhou, Changzhou Yuan
Except for organic polymers, metal oxides, sulfides, or other inorganic materials can be mixed with biomass-derived carbon, such as MnO2,29 Co,30 and NiS2.31 Muhammad et al.32 fabricated a Co nanocrystal encapsulated in 3D N-doped porous carbon (Co@NC) by a simple pressure-cooking strategy from chickpea. The 3D N-doped porous carbon could withstand a volume change of S during cycling process and enhance the ionic/electronic transportation. In the meantime, the homogeneously dispersed Co nanocrystal promoted the fast conversion of polysulfides, which was beneficial to enhancing the electrochemical performance of Li–S batteries. The S/Co@NC with a high S-loading showed a high capacity and cycle stability. Introducing nanocatalytic materials and designing structures for carbon materials are beneficial to enhancing the electrochemical performance of Li–S batteries.
Introduction
Published in Jamie Bartram, Richard Ballance, Water Quality Monitoring, 1996
Jamie Bartram, Richard Ballance
Figure 6.3 Example of a field kit that includes the facility to test for thermotolerant coliforms. Reproduced with the permission of the Robens Institute, Guildford, UK butane or propane gas lighter, not one that uses gasoline or similar liquid fuel, which would blacken the forceps. Formaldehyde: This gas is a powerful bactericide. It may be generated by the combustion of methanol (but no other alcohol) in a closed space where oxygen becomes depleted. In the field, this is a convenient way to disinfect the filtration apparatus between uses. A minimum contact time of 10 minutes is recommended.Disinfecting reusables: The two main items of reusable equipment, Petri dishes (glass or aluminium) and bottles, may be disinfected by immersion in boiling water for a few minutes, by dry heat sterilisation in an oven or by heating in a pressure cooker for at least 20 minutes.Disposal of contaminated material: Autoclaving (or pressure cooking) of contaminated material is impractical in the field. Contaminated materials such as membrane filters and pads may be burned.
When an End Was a Beginning
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Hydraulic Fracturing Wastewater, 2017
Let’s back up and talk about nature’s alchemy as related to the Marcellus Shale formation. Marcellus Shale developed from the deposition and later compression of minute rock particles and organic matter at the bottom of a sea during the Middle Devonian era, about 383 to 392 million years ago. To understand the formation of shale gas, imagine a pressure cooker, because what occurred inside the Marcellus Shale formation is somewhat similar to pressure cooking. During the Middle Devonian, sediments eroding from the Acadian Mountains (eastern edge of the Appalachian Basin sea region) were washed down into the Catskill Delta. Coarser-grained sediments, including sand and gravel-sized particles, quickly settled near the shore. The sand and clay-size (finer-grained) fragments flowed as a slow underwater landslide, depositing and accumulating within the deepest part of the Appalachian Basin. Added to these fine rock fragments were organic materials such as algae and other aquatic microorganism. Nature’s pressure cooker now held the right mix of ingredients, and with the reduction in oxygen level the organics did not decompose, instead becoming intermingled with the mineral fragments as a mucky ooze or mud flysch (a series of sedimentary layers). All this time, the pressure cooker was not only adding megatons of weight, translated to pressure, but was also increasing the temperature level. With time the pressure increased as the shale formation subsided, becoming buried deeper in the Earth and covered with thousands of additional sediment layers. Within the pressure cooker environment, temperatures ranged from 60°C to 100°C; thus, the perfect temperature range, proper pressure, and proper ingredients were in place for nature’s alchemy to transform the entrapped shale and its contents: shale gas and oil. Interestingly, all of this deposition and the increases in pressure and temperature occurred at a time when geologic forces were causing the Appalachian Basin to become deeper, trapping shale contents and producing black shale, as the mountains rose up. This process continued for millions of years. This process continues today.
Batch extraction of gossypol from cottonseed meal using mixed solvent system and its kinetic modeling
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2019
Surinder Singh, S. K. Sharma, S. K. Kansal
The earlier researchers applied methods such as mechanical fractionation or gland floatation method to separate gossypol from cottonseed (Singh et al., 2015). The other methods used to separate gossypol from cottonseed included pressure cooking (Gribbins, 1951), hydraulic pressing, screw pressing (Batson et al., 1951), and liquid cyclone process (Smith, 1971). But solvent extraction is by far, the most common method employed for extraction of gossypol using different solvents from cottonseed (Dechary et al., 1952; Li et al., 2016). In this process, the solute is dissolved in liquid solvent by contacting the solid with the solvent either in acidic or aqueous medium. The process has been schematically shown in Figure 2.