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Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
Published in Kyoung Sun Moon, Cantilever Architecture, 2018
The outrigger systems may be formed in any combination of steel, concrete and composite construction. Because of the many benefits of outrigger systems outlined above, this system has lately been very popular for supertall buildings all over the world. A very early example of outrigger structures can be found in the Place Victoria Office Tower (now called Stock Exchange Building) of 1964 in Montreal designed by Nervi and Moretti. It was also used by Fazlur Khan in the 42-story First Wisconsin Center of 1973 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. However, major applications of this structural system can be seen in more recent supertall buildings such as the Jin Mao Tower of 1999 in Shanghai, Taipei 101 Tower of 2004 in Taipei, International Commerce Center of 2010 in Hong Kong and Lotte World Tower of 2017 in Seoul.
The Structural Systems of Tall Buildings
Published in Mehmet Halis Günel, Hüseyin Emre Ilgin, Tall Buildings, 2014
Mehmet Halis Günel, Hüseyin Emre Ilgin
Outriggered frame systems have been developed by adding outriggers to shear-frame systems with core (core-frame systems) so as to couple the core with the perimeter (exterior) columns. The outriggers are structural elements connecting the core to the perimeter columns at one or more levels throughout the height of the building so as to stiffen the structure (Figure 3.29). An outrigger consists of a horizontal shear truss or shear wall (or deep beam). This structural element is a horizontal extension of the core shear truss/wall to the perimeter columns in the form of a knee. To make them sufficiently effective, outriggers are at least one storey deep, and have a high flexural and shear rigidity (adequately stiff in flexure and shear). Because the outriggers affect the interior space, they are generally located at the mechanical equipment floors in order not to hinder the use of normal floors.
Health and safety in electrical installation
Published in Trevor Linsley, Electrical Installation Work Level 2, 2019
The stability of the tower depends on the ratio of the base width to tower height, A ratio of base to height of 1:3 gives good stability. Outriggers can be used to increase stability by effectively increasing the base width. If outriggers are used then they must be fitted diagonally across all four corners of the tower and not on one side only. The tower must not be built more than 12 m high unless it has been specially designed for that purpose. Any tower higher than 9 m should be secured to the structure of the building to increase stability.
Fragility Estimates for High-Rise Buildings with Outrigger Systems Under Seismic and Wind Loads
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2023
Lili Xing, Paolo Gardoni, Ying Zhou
An outrigger system, a large frame commonly consisting of a core/frame, outriggers, and perimeter columns, can significantly enhance the vibration-resistant performance of high-rise buildings (Hoenderkamp 2004; Hoenderkamp and Bakker 2003; Smith and Salim 1981; Taranath 1975). In outrigger systems, the interaction between perimeter columns and outriggers produces a beneficial restraining moment that is considered as the equivalent rotational stiffness and equivalent damping acting on the core/frame (Chen et al. 2010; Huang and Takeuchi 2017; Lin, Takeuchi, and Matsui 2018; Tan et al. 2012; Xing, Zhou, and Huang 2020; Zhou and Xing 2021; Zhou, Xing, and Zhou 2019; Zhou, Zhang, and Lu 2016). However, predictive models of the structural responses of high-rise buildings with outrigger systems that are unbiased and explicitly account for the prevailing uncertainties are not available in the literature. Furthermore, the conventional fragility estimate for high-rise buildings with outrigger systems depends on a computationally prohibitive high number of finite element analyses.
Seismic Performance and Design Method of Novel Resilient Outriggers
Published in Structural Engineering International, 2022
Qingshun Yang, Yifan Fei, Yuan Tian, Xinzheng Lu
Outriggers are important lateral force-resisting components in high-rise buildings and have been widely used in practical engineering projects.1–3 Through numerical dynamic analysis, researchers found that outriggers are effective in limiting drift and/or second-order effects of high-rise buildings.4–5 Therefore, the seismic performance of outriggers has attracted increasing attention. Numerous engineering projects have demonstrated that outriggers are allowed to yield under the maximum considered earthquakes (MCEs) to dissipate the seismic energy.
A comparative study on structural design alternatives for twisted tall buildings with outriggers
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2022
Outriggers connect the columns and the core, so they work together against lateral forces. Locating the columns as close as possible to the edge of the floor increases the distance between the core and columns, i.e. the structural depth of the building. In an adaptive twisted tall building, it is possible to locate columns on the edge of the floor. However, this is not possible for non-adaptive twisted tall buildings since the projection of floor area changes on each level. If we accept the form of a twisted tall building as a solid mass, there is a prismatic cylindrical volume at the centre and an irregular mass wrapped around this cylinder. Figure 4 shows the square ground floor plan and the projections of the upper rotated floors. The circular area that remains the same throughout the height of the building is illustrated in grey. In the adaptive approach, the columns have the same twisted movement with the form, and they are wrapped around the building. Therefore, they can be located on the edges of the floor. In the non-adaptive case, on the other hand, vertical columns rise continuously from bottom to top. Thus, they have to be within the cylindrical volume at the centre. Since the columns cannot be located on the edge of the plan, the maximum possible structural depth of the non-adaptive case is less than that of the adaptive case, which inevitably affects the results and adds a bias to the comparisons. Thus, an alternative hypothetical model is created to make a comprehensive comparison between these cases. In this model, columns are located on the same axes as the non-adaptive case, but they rotate as the building rises like the adaptive case. This case is named as ‘adaptive-inside case’. Figure 5 shows the 3D image and plan drawing of the non-adaptive, adaptive-inside, and adaptive models.