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Production of Organic Acids from Agro-Industrial Waste and Their Industrial Utilization
Published in Anil Kumar Anal, Parmjit S. Panesar, Valorization of Agro-Industrial Byproducts, 2023
Navneet Kaur, Parmjit S. Panesar, Shilpi Ahluwalia
Batch operation is one of the simplest, easiest, and most widely used approaches to producing succinic acid. It includes a temperature-controlled jacketed vessel, mechanically operated along with other equipment like a gas sparger. In this process, the substrate concentration is generally kept between 20 and 100 g/l and the operation is carried out at a temperature of 37ºC–39°C. While using bacterial species, the pH optima are kept in the range 6.8–7.2 and within 4.5–6.0 in the case of a yeast culture. For succinic acid production, anaerobic conditions are maintained by sparging either oxygen-free nitrogen or carbon dioxide through the sparger, and the fermentation may take 48–100 h depending upon the operating conditions and type of strain involved (Ferone et al., 2019a).
Granulation
Published in Sam A. Hout, Manufacturing of Quality Oral Drug Products, 2022
The blender intensifier bar is used to enhance the spray pattern homogeneity during the spraying cycle. It rotates at approximately 3,000 rpm. Dispersion blades keep the granulation from sticking to the spray discs. The entire intensifier bar assembly is removed and disassembled for cleaning. The blending process uses an organic solvent, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, and a binding agent, HPMC, which is added to dry ingredients before spraying. The process forms pendular bridged granules. During spraying, ethyl alcohol dissolves HPMC, which allows it to form the bridges between particles through surface tension/capillary action. The bridges then recrystallize during drying. The API drug substance and other excipients are not soluble in ethyl alcohol. At the end of spraying, the mixture has a moist loose granular consistency, which easily compacts much like a snowball. It has a moisture level of 18%–24% by weight depending on the product. The granulation is then dried by heating the jacketed vessel to a temperature between 70°F and 100°F per MF and creating a vacuum within the vessel. The vacuum applied is normally 100 mm Hg (standard ambient atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg). Drying times can take as long as 24 hours. The vacuum pumps and alcohol condenser are usually located outside the blender building.
Evaporation
Published in C. Anandharamakrishnan, S. Padma Ishwarya, Essentials and Applications of Food Engineering, 2019
C. Anandharamakrishnan, S. Padma Ishwarya
Heat exchanger: Evaporators require a means to transfer the heat energy from the low-pressure steam to the liquid food product. For this purpose, most evaporators use a shell and tube heat exchanger. Termed as the calandria, the heat exchanger is the heart of an evaporator. In the heat exchanger shell, steam condenses on the outside of the tubes after giving up its latent heat (of condensation) to the product. The liquid food product is circulated inside the tubes, which absorbs the heat given up by the steam. The heat, thus, added causes the water in the liquid product to boil. Generally, the product to be evaporated is preheated to its boiling temperature before it enters the calandria. Jacketed vessel (with agitator), straight tube preheaters, or plate heat exchangers are used for this purpose.
Activated carbon supported Co1.5PW12O40 as efficient catalyst for the production of 1, 2 cyclohexane diol by oxidation of cyclohexene with H2O2 in the presence of CO2
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2020
Ramyah Radman, Ahmed Aouissi, Abdullah A. Al-Kahtani, Wafa K. Mekhamer, A. Yacine Badjah Hadj Ahmed
The experiments were carried out in a stainless steel jacketed vessel equipped with a pressure gauge, manometer controls for pressure settings. The jacketed vessel was connected to a circulator water bath to adjust the temperature. A mixture consisting of 10 ml of cyclohexene, 10 ml hydrogen peroxide (30% in aqueous solution), 5 ml of acetonitrile (solvent) and 0.2 g of catalyst was charged in the vessel. The mixture was heated to 70°C then pressurized to 0.5 MPa. under stirring. After 4 h of reaction, the mixture was cooled and analyzed with a gas phase chromatograph (PYE UNICAM) equipped with a flame ionization, a catharometer detector and a capillary column (HP-PLOT Q length 30mID 0.53 mm). The qualitative analysis of the products was carried out occasionally by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using a Thermo Trace GC Ultra gas chromatograph (AI 3000) equipped a TR-5 MS-SQC capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d., phase thickness 0.25 µm).
Treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater using high-frequency ultrasound: optimization of operating conditions by RSM
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Arwa Abdelhay, Abeer Abu Othman, Abeer Albsoul
The experiments of this research were conducted in 1 or 1.5-L cylindrical shape Plexiglas reactor (Meinhardt Ultrasonics) with an internal diameter of 6.925 cm, operated in a fed-batch mode (Figure 1). The reactor has a double-jacketed vessel filled with water for temperature control purposes Ultrasound waves were produced by piezoelectric ceramic transducer (Meinhardt Ultrasonics) placed at the base of the reactor. The transducer can provide the system with three different working frequencies (578, 800 and 1142 kHz) and a maximum power output of 240 W that can be controlled and varied using an ultrasonic multi-frequency generator (Meinhardt Ultrasonics) operating in continuous mode.
In Situ Monitoring and Kinetic Analysis of the Extraction of Nitric Acid by Tributyl Phosphate in N-Dodecane Using Raman Spectroscopy
Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2019
Susan E. Asmussen, Amanda M. Lines, Danny Bottenus, Forrest Heller, Samuel A. Bryan, Calvin Delegard, Christina Louie, Gregg Lumetta, Kristi Pellegrini, W. Karl Pitts, Sue Clark, Amanda Casella
The extraction cell consisted of many components including: stainless steel cylindrical inserts (including mesh and external rings), a 1 L water jacketed vessel to control extraction temperature, and a Teflon lid to maintain temperature and prevent evaporation. The mechanical design of the stainless steel cylindrical assembly within the interior of the Lewis cell has been described and characterized previously.[46] Briefly, the water jacketed cell is a custom made 1 L Pyrex glass water jacketed beaker that connects to a programmable temperature-controlled water re-circulator (Cole-Parmer Polystat) using Tygon tubing (0.79 cm inner diameter).