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Air Traffic Control System
Published in Milica Kalić, Slavica Dožić, Danica Babić, Introduction to the Air Transport System, 2022
Milica Kalić, Slavica Dožić, Danica Babić
The main task of ATC is to provide sufficient capacity to accept both normal and peak traffic levels. However, there are defined measures that can be implemented to increase/decrease the available capacity, while keeping the targeted safety levels. The reasons why the capacity should be changed can be numerous. In the cases of disturbances, such as any particular event that negatively impacts the declared capacity of an airspace or aerodrome, the capacity of the airspace or aerodrome concerned shall be reduced accordingly, for the required period (ICAO Doc 4444 2016). Moreover, in the areas where traffic demand varies significantly on a daily or periodic basis, the ATS system has defined facilities and procedures that are implemented accordingly to vary the number of operational sectors or working positions to meet the demand. This is particularly important in cases when the demand exceeds the available ATC capacity, and it is mandatory to ensure that safety is not jeopardized.
Safety by Design
Published in David O'Hare, Introduction to Safety Science, 2022
Thermal environment: The effects of heat stress on human performance have also been extensively studied but primarily from a medical and physiological point of view. The legal standards set by most countries are designed to protect workers from heat-related health effects. For example, the NIOSH standards used in the United States draw up relative exposure limits (RELs) and relative alert limits (RALs) based entirely on physiological and medical evidence.43 From a safety-related point of view, however, it is the effects of environmental stressors, such as temperature, on memory, attention, vigilance, decision making and other cognitive activities that are most critical. In an environment such as air traffic control (ATC), for example, one single error may have significant safety consequences.
High-speed lines control command and signaling
Published in Andrzej Żurkowski, High-Speed Rail in Poland, 2018
Automatic train control (ATC) systems check the way the driver drives the train against MA authority in real time. ATC class systems not only possess information about movement restrictions imposed by primary signaling, but also take into account train movement dynamic effects. Train speed is thereby checked not only against speed limits, but also braking to the beginning of the speed limit and, in the same way, not only against passing the end of MA authority, but also braking intervention and braking to the end of authority. Continuous checking is complemented by the continuous display on the DMI of up-to-date information supporting drivers in driving trains near the speed limit during ceiling speed monitoring and driving trains near braking intervention curve during target speed monitoring. The European unified control command system imposed by European law called the European Train Control System is an ATC class system.
Orchestrator for ensuring interdependency between safety and cybersecurity in railway control systems
Published in International Journal of Rail Transportation, 2023
Dionysia Varvarigou, David Espes, Giacomo Bersano
Our use case is provided in Figure 3. The core network of a rolling stock is used, which includes the functions of Automatic Train Control (ATC) that combines essential and non-essential functions in order to ensure the train’s safe operation, operational controller that ensures the safe and efficient running of trains over the rails, Automatic Train Operation (ATO) that automates the operations of the train, and comfort controller that is used to maximize the passenger’s comfort. Each function generates certain anomalies. For this to happen, it is possible to create a database of known anomalies related to each one of these functions. Then, the VM that includes them is able to choose one of the anomalies of the database. This happens with a python script that chooses one of the anomalies every 100 milliseconds. This is because we want to (i) be able to send to the safety orchestrator a variety of anomalies to understand how they are being treated and (ii) handle many anomalies in a very short time to understand whether our solution is able to treat all of these anomalies successfully.
Adaptive active fault-tolerant controller design for high-speed trains subject to unknown actuator faults
Published in Vehicle System Dynamics, 2018
Xue Lin, Hairong Dong, Xiuming Yao, Baigen Cai
Due to peculiar characteristics including high speed, high density and large passenger flow, high-speed trains (HSTs) have become one of the most popular ways of transportation. Hence, to guarantee its desired performances, especially the desired position and velocity tracking performances, has become a challenging topic of considerable interest for scholars all over the world [1–5]. Wherein automatic train control (ATC) is the key technique and core equipment to affect the desired position and velocity tracking performances of HSTs, which contains automatic train protection, automatic train operation and automatic train supervision.