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Foundations, Framing, Sheathing, and Vapor Barriers
Published in Kathleen Hess-Kosa, Building Materials, 2017
OSB is manufactured by bonding short, thin, “cross-oriented strands” of lumber. The adhesives used in OSB are typically a mixture of PF and equal or lesser amounts of polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI; also referred to as polyurethane). Paraffin wax emulsion is often added to the resins and/or as a coating to extend water resistance. Borate preservatives (e.g., zinc borate) are added as a preservative in treated OSB.
Adhesive and curing properties of chicken feather/blood-based adhesives for the fabrication of medium-density fiberboards
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2018
In Yang, Dae Hak Park, Won-Sil Choi, Dong Uk Ahn, Sei Chang Oh, Gyu-Seong Han
Compared to the KS standard, board density (0.35–0.8 g/cm3), moisture content (5–13%), IB (≥ 0.3 N/mm2) and FOR-E (1,000 μg/L) of MDF bonded with CF-based adhesives met the KS requirements for interior MDF. [24,25] On the other hand, MOR of only MDF bonded with CF-AK-5%/CB-AC-5%/PF-2.0 and TS of all MDF fabricated in this work did not meet the minimum requirements of the KS standard (MOR: ≥12 N/mm2; TS: ≤ 12%), but the properties might be improved simply by increasing the board density and the content of wax emulsion added in CF-based adhesives. Overall, CF-based adhesive formulated with 60% CF-AK-5%, 10% CB-AC-5% and 30% PF-2.0 (by weight) can be used as an environmentally-friendly adhesive for the production of wood composite panels. Nevertheless, further studies, which are related to the combined chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of CF and CB and more detailed conditions for the type and content of crosslinking agents and hardeners, will be needed to verify the potential of the CF-based adhesives for its industrial applications. In addition, some customers can be reluctant to utilise wood-based panels bonded with CF-based adhesives due to emotional aversion and the unlikely possibility of decomposition of CF and CB as raw materials for wood adhesives. Therefore, steady efforts to overcome the prejudices as well as additional researches for identifying decay resistance of the CF-based adhesives are required to establish successfully on a commercial scale.
An Experimental Study on Factors Affecting the Friction Coefficients in Electroplated Bolts
Published in Tribology Transactions, 2020
Grade 10.9 (M10 × 1.50 × 60mm) and 9.8 bare steel bolts (M10 × 1.50 × 40mm) were used in this study. See Table 1 for dimensions and mechanical details. The sample preparation and treatment is shown in a flow diagram in Fig. 2. Purchased bolts were tumbled in a tumbler first in an alkaline cleaner for at least 2 h, then in an ultrasonic bath for 30 min, and finally in an electro cleaner for 5 min with an immediate water rinse after each step. Following cleaning, bolts were activated in an acid pickle of diluted hydrochloric acid for 1 min and then rinsed with water. Then bolts were electroplated in a Zn or Zn-Ni alloy bath, dipped in a trivalent chromium passivate for 30 s or 1 min, and finally dipped in a topcoat for 1 min and dried in a spin dryer at 1,075 rpm for 5 min. Water rinses were applied after each step except after topcoat dipping. For studies on the effects of heating, finished bolts were baked in an oven and then cooled to room temperature. For other tests, finished bolts were not baked. The cleaner, electroplating bath, passivate, and topcoat are all products of a private research company. Unless otherwise noted, the following products were used in this study: an acid Zn-Ni water bath that consists of ZnCl2, NiCl2, H3BO3, and other additives; a Cr(III)-based clear passivate with the components of Cr(NO3)3, water, and other proprietary additives; and a water-based organo-mineral topcoat, which is composed of water, an organic polymer binder, a wax emulsion, and other proprietary additives. Prepared bolts were cured for 48 h at room temperature and then were subjected to torque–tension measurements.
Sustainable plant-based bioactive materials for functional printed textiles
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Alka Madhukar Thakker, Danmei Sun
Authors express his concern over typical water-based commercial screen-print ink formula which is a 60% non-renewable Petro-based composition. It consists of 15% pigment, 45% carboxylate acrylic emulsion, 15% styrene/acrylic emulsion, 0.5% ammonia, 5% microcrystalline wax emulsion, silicone defoamer, 1% levelling agent, 4% dowanol, and 14% water. Thus, vegetable inks are sustainable alternatives. He mentions the medicinal utilization of synthetic Indigo Carmine in the review of the literature. The author finally summarizes that the viscosity and drying time of the ink plays a vital role in printing. The addition of natural anti-bacterial and anti-fungal materials to ink enhances its self-life (Phil, 1999).