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Household crafts, health and well-being, and workshop production
Published in Andrew N. Sherwood, Milorad Nikolic, John W. Humphrey, John P. Oleson, Greek and Roman Technology, 2019
Andrew N. Sherwood, Milorad Nikolic, John W. Humphrey, John P. Oleson
The extraction of minium, a red mineral pigment, is described earlier in this passage (6.7). Here Vitruvius notes its refinement in the workshops (officinae) that have been relocated from Ephesus to Rome. Pliny (Natural History 33.118) adds a few additional details, including the fact that this expensive product, virtually a government monopoly, had its price fixed by law.
Influence of drinking water quality on the formation of corrosion scales in lead-bearing drinking water distribution systems
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Lead corrosion scales were analyzed via UV/Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and XRD. UV/Vis spectra were obtained in the range of 200 to 800 nm in diffuse reflectance mode with 1 nm step size using a UV-3600 Shimadzu instrument equipped with a diffuse reflectance cell (Harrick, Praying Mantis). Infrared spectra were acquired in diffuse reflectance mode at a 4 cm−1 resolution and 64 scans per sample using a Harrick Praying Mantis. The UV/Vis and FTIR spectra were transformed to pseudo-absorption spectra using Kubelka-Munk function in the UVProbe® and OPUS® software, respectively. The XRD data were obtained on a Rigaku RPT 300 RC diffractometer using Co K-α (λ = 1.78890 Å) radiation over the range of 10-70° 2θ with a 0.02° step size. Selected pure lead compounds (Sigma-Aldrich, A.C.S reagent grade), plattnerite (β-PbO2), massicot (β-PbO), minium (Pb3O4), hydrocerussite (Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2), and cerussite (PbCO3), were used as references for solid phase characterization. For elemental analysis, 0.25-0.5 g solid samples were digested using U.S. EPA Method 3051 A. The acid digested samples were analyzed using an ICP-OES (Varian, Inc., Vista-Pro Axial). Inorganic carbon (IC) content was measured using a TOC-VCPN analyzer equipped with SSM-5000A (Shimadzu) for solid sample acidification.
The limits of lead (Pb) phytoextraction and possibilities of phytostabilization in contaminated soil: a critical review
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2020
Sara Perl Egendorf, Peter Groffman, Gerry Moore, Zhongqi Cheng
Pb exists in a variety of forms (Table 2). The majority of Pb found in the Earth’s crust (52%) is the stable isotope 208Pb, the radioactive decay product of 232Th. Other isotopes include 206Pb (24%), which derives from 238U, and 207Pb (23%), which derives from 235U. 204Pb is the only primary isotope, not a decay product, and accounts for only 1% of the Earth’s total Pb. While these isotopes do not necessarily influence processes like plant uptake, they have been used to fingerprint and trace the sources of the element in various environmental media (Komárek et al.2008; Duzgoren-Aydn and Weiss 2008; Del Rio-Salas et al.2012). These isotopes of Pb exist in a variety of mineral forms, such as galena (PbS), anglesite (PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3), minium (Pb3O4), pyromorphite (Pb5(PO4)3Cl), and mimetesite (Pb5(AsO4)3Cl). When these mineral forms undergo weathering, they release a variety of ionic forms, such as Pb2+, Pb4+, PbCl+, PbOH+, Pb4(OH4)4+, PbCl3−, and Pb(CO3)22−.
Substrates and preparation layers under the wall paintings of the St George’s Cathedral (1119 CE) at Veliki Novgorod
Published in Surface Engineering, 2023
Alessandra R. G. Giumlia-Mair, Vladimir V. Sedov, Olga Etinhof
The last red pigment in use at this time was minium (lead oxide, Pb3O4), both the natural and the artificial kind, obtained by heating lead minerals such as litharge and cerussite to ca. 425 and 430°C. However, no lead could be detected in the red layer under the intonachino. The EDS analyses on several areas of the red layer showed the typical peaks of ochre or, better, red earth, because it contains many impurities (Ca, Si, Al, Cl, K, Ti, Mg) (Figure 11). Therefore, we can safely conclude that the red pigment applied under the intonachino was red ochre, i.e. hematite (Fe2O3) or/and goethite (FeOOH), mixed with alumino-silicate as kaolinite or illite, quartz and calcium compounds.