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Strategic Thinking in OSH Management
Published in Daniel Podgórski, New Opportunities and Challenges in Occupational Safety and Health Management, 2020
A trade-off is a situation in which you must choose between or balance two things that are opposite or cannot be had at the same time or something that you do not want but must accept in order to have something that you want (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). Thus, making a trade-off involves a choice and some sacrifices. A good example of a trade-off is using different file formats for music files, as it provides a choice between sound quality and disk space. While the number of dishes on a restaurant menu may be another good example, it illustrates also the trade-off between more efficient quality control and product variability that may attract additional customers (Frei 2006). Similarly, another classical idea is that one must choose between doing something quickly and doing something well. While the idea itself may be questionable in many cases, it reflects one of the most important problems in production and quality management, and, more general, in balancing between effectiveness and other values, including quality and safety of both production process and product.
Introduction
Published in Yogesh Jaluria, Design and Optimization of Thermal Systems, 2019
The design process, on the other hand, is open-ended; that is, the results are not well-known or well-defined at the onset. The inputs may also be vague or incomplete, making it necessary to seek additional information or to employ approximations and assumptions. There is also usually considerable interaction between various disciplines, particularly between technical areas and those concerned with cost, safety, and the environment. A unique solution is generally not obtained and one may have to choose from a range of acceptable solutions. In addition, a solution that satisfies all the requirements may not be obtained and it may be necessary to relax some of the requirements to obtain an acceptable solution. Therefore, trade-offs generally form a necessary part of design because certain features of the system may have to be given up in order to achieve some other goals such as greater cost effectiveness or smaller environmental impact. Individual or group judgment based on available information is needed to decide on the final design. Inverse problems, in which the desired outcome is known but the conditions that would lead to this outcome are to be determined, are also commonly encountered. Again, the solution obtained is not unique and optimization methods are needed to narrow the region of uncertainty and thus achieve a physically acceptable result.
Economics of Risk Management
Published in Charles Yoe, Principles of Risk Analysis, 2019
As long as there are choices to be made—and every decision problem has at least an action/no action choice—there will be trade-offs. Decision making is best served by making the nature of the trade-offs explicit. Benefit-cost analysis, an economic tool, has been developed to try to help decision makers identify the trade-offs with a common metric (dollars). It is one tool by which trade-offs can be addressed. We'll return to this topic later in the chapter. For now, it is sufficient to understand that most risk management decisions will entail trade-offs.
Towards visualising early-stage osteonecrosis using intraoperative imaging modalities
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Mingxu Liu, Alejandro Martin-Gomez, Julius K. Oni, Simon C. Mears, Mehran Armand
Although studies indicate that MRI has the potential to be used in treatment of early-stage ONFH intra-operatively, this requires renovating the operating room to be MRI compatible (Kerimaa et al. 2016). Previous work has demonstrated the great difficulty, high cost, and limitations of introducing MRI into orthopaedic surgical suites (Mesko et al. 2016). To improve the accuracy of CD, studies have been conducted to fuse or transfer pre-operative data to intra-operative scenarios, using patient-specific instruments (Li et al. 2018), computer-assisted navigation systems (Theopold et al. 2020), or augmented reality (Xie et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2022). In the mentioned studies, trade-offs were made between cost, system complexity, and maintenance difficulty with the improvement of accuracy. However, to our knowledge, no previous work has attempted to improve the visualisation of necrosis using intra-operative imaging modalities. Therefore, orthopaedic surgeons still have no visual feedback of the necrotic lesions during surgery.
Α Behavior Trees-based architecture towards operation planning in hybrid manufacturing
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2023
George Kokotinis, George Michalos, Zoi Arkouli, Sotiris Makris
It is difficult to simultaneously optimize all the criteria of the above-mentioned aspects. The overall outcome of a manufacturing decision is rather governed by trade-offs between these different manufacturing attributes. Assessment of these trade-offs requires a means of quantitatively evaluating each attribute. For this reason, Chryssolouris et al (Chryssolouris 2006). provided a calibration method for determining suitable values given the desired trade-off between decision quality and computational burden as expressed in terms of numerical weights. According to this method, a negative exponential distribution is used, which levels off at the alternatives with the highest utility values. For the resources to be compared, based on their criteria values, a matrix containing the different design alternatives, as rows and the calculated criteria values as columns, can be created. Normalization of these values needs to take place, to reach a final cumulative score. This normalization is carried out for criteria that should be maximized (Equation 6) or minimized (Equation 7):
Can you have your cake and eat it? Investigating trade-offs in the implementation of green initiatives
Published in Production Planning & Control, 2020
Karla Ximena Vargas-Berrones, Roberto Sarmiento, Garvan Whelan
In summary, we argue that given the universal-deterministic character of Skinner’s (and Porter’s) proposal of strategic trade-offs, individual entities such as manufacturing or service firms are an adequate unit of analysis for its testing and investigation. And a valid investigation of the trade-offs theory would only require a single unit of analysis (Whelan, Sarmiento, and Sprenger 2018). We also noted that trade-offs in the design and operation of manufacturing or service firms mean that the outputs of those systems (e.g. cars, airplanes) will also, by necessity, reflect some form of trade-off in their design and performance. Therefore, we conclude that individual products or services are an adequate unit of analysis when investigating the potential existence of trade-offs in the implementation of green initiatives. More specifically, and for the purpose of our investigation, we argue that it is valid and legitimate to investigate the effect that a green initiative (i.e. replacing a polluting raw material with a more environmentally friendly one) can have on other different characteristics (cost of manufacturing, production time) in a product or service that is currently commercially available.