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Energy Audits and Instrumentation
Published in Scott Dunning, Larry S. Katz, Energy Calculations & Problem Solving Sourcebook, 2020
Stroboscope (or strobe) instrument—used to make a cyclically moving object appear to be slow-moving or stationary. The principle is used for the study of rotating, reciprocating, oscillating or vibrating objects.
Condition-based monitoring as a robust strategy towards sustainable and resilient multi-energy infrastructure systems
Published in Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 2023
Nita Yodo, Tanzina Afrin, Om Prakash Yadav, Di Wu, Ying Huang
Components in energy infrastructure typically have different lifespans and criticality. Longer-lifespan components usually do not need to be monitored as frequently as shorter-lifespan components. Any critical components need to be observed as frequently as possible because the failure of critical components may cause deliberating impact on the overall energy infrastructure network. Based on the periodicity of the data collection for monitoring, CBM can be classified into three categories as follows. Periodical monitoring: Periodical monitoring is typically performed using a portable data logger with one or more sensors. The most used sensors are vibration and temperature sensors. Besides, a tachometer or stroboscope is used to measure a machine’s rotation per minute (rpm). The collected data are stored at the data logger and uploaded to the maintenance server for further analysis. Depending on the potential failure characteristics and the cost-effectiveness, the commonly practiced periodicity for this type of condition monitoring is biweekly or monthly.Semi-online monitoring: The CBM process can be shifted to semi-online monitoring when running the periodical monitoring becomes difficult. The semi-online monitoring uses wireless sensors mounted on the machine body and automatically transfers the data to the maintenance server through a wireless connection. This type of monitoring is suitable for machines that work continuously at a relatively constant load. The commonly practiced periodicity for this type of condition monitoring is one data per day to check if there is any parameter that crosses the threshold limit.Real-time, near real-time, or online monitoring: When monitoring for a particular type of machine that works at variable load, does not work continuously, and a variety of process parameters need to be monitored, then the real-time monitoring system can be considered. The machine condition is constantly monitored, and an alarm is triggered when the health parameter reaches the threshold. In this type of condition monitoring, data is collected one time per hour or more. The data logger used for this application can recognize different sensor readings for various parameters, such as rpm, pressure, current, airflow, and others.