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Control techniques for implemented production systems
Published in D.R. Moore, D.J. Hague, Building Production Management Techniques, 2014
The rate variance (RV) has a complicated set of factors bringing about changes to the actual labour cost. The problems begin when defining the types of cost.Labour is regarded as a variable cost (not to be confused with the term variance). In the short term, it behaves as an approximately linear response to production. More activity means an increase in labour costs, less activity and a corresponding reduction. But nothing is what it seems. The simple idea of paying operatives by the hour when available for work binds the employer to additional expenditure. Employment legislation, welfare and tax regulations, and industrial working agreements, all have to be accounted for. Some are fixed costs and paid annually, others are variable, or semi-variable for one period and fixed over a weekly time-scale. A semi-variable cost is one with a fixed and a variable element. Familiar examples are gas, electricity and telephone bills. Customers and subscribers have to pay standing charges and line rentals, whether or not any power is used or calls are made. Similarly, many site overheads have fixed and variable elements, as we showed earlier in describing time-related costs. And it might also be necessary to point out, these terms have nothing to do with direct or indirect costs, which are relationships, or superficially, allocatable and non-allocatable costs. Thus, a variable cost can be directly related to a specific, measurable operation, or a general service task.
Introduction
Published in Robert C. Creese, M. Adithan, B. S. Pabla, Estimating and Costing for the Metal Manufacturing Industries, 1992
Robert C. Creese, M. Adithan, B. S. Pabla
The third type of semi-variable cost can be represented as the sum of a fixed and variable cost. This approach, as illustrated by Humphreys and Katell (3), can lead the determination of another type of break-even point, called the shutdown point (4). An example of a Type 3 semi-variable cost is maintenance costs; there is a fixed cost to staff the maintenance department and as production increases, maintenance costs also tend to increase in a linear fashion. The shutdown point is when the sales revenue is equal to the revenue of the variable and the semi-variable costs. When production is below this level, the plant should shutdown and stop production as it is not recovering its variable costs, let alone the fixed costs. BE(SD)=FC(SVC)[S-[TVC+VC(SVC)]
Techno-economic analysis of integrated torrefaction and pelleting process
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Ishita Goyal, Anjali Prasad, Shushil Kumar, Deepak K Ojha
Where FMC is fixed manufacturing cost, S is sales, SVC is semi-variable cost (it is a sum of Labor, Supervision, Maintenance & repairs, General Expenses, Plant overhead cost, and Operating supplies) and VC is the variable cost.