China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Steps for Implementing the OD Intervention Model: From Entry to Separation
Published in William J. Rothwell, Sohel M. Imroz, Behnam Bakhshandeh, Organization Development Interventions, 2021
The primary aim of the assessment step is to provide the OD practitioners and other stakeholders with data and a clear basis for decisions about what OD interventions are appropriate going forward. As mentioned in the previous section, common assessment approaches are observation, secondary data, one-on-one interview, group interview, and questionnaire/survey. Based on the approaches used, the data collected may be qualitative or quantitative in nature. Data must be reliable and valid before being analyzed. Quantitative data analysis methods can be descriptive (e.g., mean, median, mode, percentage, frequency, range) or inferential (e.g., correlation, regression, analysis of variance). Popular qualitative data analysis methods are content analysis, narrative analysis, discourse analysis, and grounded theory.
Collect and Analyze the Data
Published in Andrew Mara, UX on the Go, 2020
Once you have created a Code Book and have coded the entire dataset (this can take a while), make sure that someone else does the same thing following the same process that you did. After both of you have coded the data, compare the ways that you have coded the data. The less the variance between the independent coding, the greater the confidence. In formal qualitative research, this process helps check on interrater reliability—something that is then calculated in formulas to measure research validity. Discuss any differences and see if you can reconcile the differences in codes or incidences when you apply the codes. For really expensive projects like enterprise-level software, you would likely need to have a trained social scientist on the team to set up a more comprehensive data analysis (with all sort of fancy things like regression analyses), but for most smaller projects, it should suffice to try to note the patterns and reconcile variances in how the two raters applied the codes. If the team needs to bring in a third person to check on how the two raters applied the codes, make sure that the three raters record final decisions.
Infrastructure development in the UAE
Published in Stephen O. Ogunlana, Prasanta Kumar Dey, Risk Management in Engineering and Construction, 2019
Moza T. Al Nahyan, Amrik S. Sohal, Brian Fildes, Yaser E. Hawas
The research methodology chosen was qualitative and legitimate for studies such as this one. It has the advantage of being easily implemented, comprehended by decision-makers and UAE culture, and is amenable to various project sizes and management forms. According to Mason (2005), “qualitative research is characteristically exploratory, fluid and flexible, data-driven and context-sensitive”. Qualitative research aims at producing “rounded and contextual understandings on the basis of rich, nuanced and detailed data” (Mason 2005: p3). According to Wood (2006), methods of qualitative research involve observations, interviews, sampling, examining, written materials, questionnaires, focus group and case studies. Denzin and Lincoln (2000) argued that qualitative implies an emphasis on processes and meanings, which are not (and cannot be) rigorously examined or measured in terms of quantity, amount, intensity or frequency. Nevertheless, the approach is a useful technique for examining reasons for the success or otherwise of construction projects. Silverman (1993) states that there is no standard approach among qualitative researchers and claims that four primary methods are used namely, observations; analyzing texts and documents; interviews; and recording and transcribing.
Coping with and adapting to urban floods: experiences of flood community-dwelling households in Aboabo, Ghana
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2023
Andrews Ofosu, Kabila Abass, Harrison Kwabena Owusu, Razak M. Gyasi
The study employed a cross-sectional qualitative study design. It is based on constructionist ontology and an interpretivist epistemology that prescribes flexible designs that resonate with qualitative methods (Sarantakos 2013). It is cross-sectional in respect of both the study population and the time dimension of the investigation (Kumar 2011). To ensure rigour and trustworthiness of the qualitative data, two main strategies were employed – triangulation and the use of member checks (participant validation). In the case of triangulation, we specifically used methodological triangulation involving the combination of in-depth interviews and direct observation. This helped to check for the accuracy of the data collected. The results of our study were returned to the study participants to ensure that they are accurate and resonated with their experiences (Birt et al. 2016). The kind of rapport built during the interview process with the research participants created a favourable environment for smooth and frankness of conversation. Questions were reframed and clarity sought and verifications made where necessary. All these ensured that the accuracy of the information obtained was guaranteed.
Responding to the barriers in climate adaptation planning among transport systems: Insights from the case of the port of Montreal
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 2022
To guarantee the constructed validity, a diverse source of evidence, including interview and archival data, has been identified and evaluated for triangulation. The archival data were mainly collected from governmental policies, strategic plan of the port, and the websites of voluntary environmental organizations and local news articles. The reliability and traceability of the interviews have been ensured through a series of consistent procedures from the case design and data collection to the analysis, as well as a standardized form of interviews from preparation, personal conversation, and audio-recording to finalized transcription (McCutcheon & Meredith, 1993). Finally, all the data during the interviews were coded by a thematic coding analysis approach. As a generic and flexible method in analyzing qualitative data, the thematic coding analysis provided a practical approach to categories and summaries the key characteristics of numerous qualitative data, thereby achieving the interview purpose (Braun & Clarke, 2006). A variety of historical data combined with the latest information of port of Montreal, which at the meantime, reflects the evolving storyline of climate change impacts and adaptation to enlightened conclusions.
Network-based factory planning for small and medium-sized enterprises
Published in Production Planning & Control, 2022
Peter Burggräf, Matthias Dannapfel, Dennis Schneidermann, Matthias Ebade Esfahani
In explorative studies, qualitative data collection methods are commonly applied as they allow an open perspective on the subject matter (Kothari 2009, 95–97). The qualitative data collection methods have evolved from the area of humanities and focus primarily on hermeneutics, i.e. they systematically interpret text material (e.g. observation protocols and interview transcripts). Typically, the corresponding research process is deliberately unstructured or less structured, enabling unexpected findings to be made. Moreover, one usually concentrates on a very detailed and comprehensive analysis of a few cases that are investigated (Kothari 2009, 95–97). Within a qualitative research approach, it can be chosen from a variety of methods, each of which has its own benefits and area of application.