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Continuum theory of granular materials
Published in M. Oda, K. Iwashita, Mechanics of Granular Materials, 2020
Very interesting and elegant model of the microscopic nature of the viscous behavior have been developed by Christensen & Wu (1965), Murayama & Shibata (1964), Ter-Stepanian (1975) and Mitchell (1976) using the rate process theory. This approach was well reviewed by Sekiguchi (1985). The microscopic aspects of the viscous properties are not discussed herein because of limited space.
Concepts, terminology and organisation of coastal planning management
Published in Robert Kay, Jacqueline Alder, Coastal Planning and Management, 2017
The concept of adaptive management was first popularised by Holling (1978). It is based on the concept of adaptive control process theory. This focusses on decision making founded on experience. In this sense, it borrows heavily from system theory (Section 3.1.5) and pragmatism (Section 3.1.8). In terms of coastal planning and management, adaptive management applies the concept of experimentation to the design and implementation of natural resource and environmental policies.
Resonant dynamic response and effective static load distributions
Published in John D. Holmes, Seifu A. Bekele, Wind Loading of Structures, 2020
John D. Holmes, Seifu A. Bekele
where Co(z1, z2, n) is the co-spectral density of the longitudinal velocity fluctuations (Section 3.3.6), (defined in random process theory – e.g. Bendat and Piersol (2010)).
Enhanced Damping Estimation for Cable-Stayed Bridges Based on Operational Monitoring Data
Published in Structural Engineering International, 2018
Sunjoong Kim, Ho-Kyung Kim, You Chan Hwang
The first parameter focuses on the window size of the FFT. The window size and the corresponding number of averages can affect the bias error in a PSD.20 The appropriate NFFT can be defined based on a random process theory. The normalized bias error in calculating PSD is evaluated as follows21:where Sxx is the PSD, is the frequency resolution, is the bandwidth of the target mode, is the modal frequency of the target mode and is the modal damping ratio of the target mode. To maintain a normalized bias error of less than 5%, Eq. (10) suggests that the frequency resolution should be less than . The corresponding NFFT can be determined as follows:For Jindo Bridge, the frequency of the target first vertical mode is about 0.43 Hz, and the expected damping ratio ranges from 0.25 to 0.50%.6 If the sampling frequency is assumed to be 100 Hz, the required NFFT should range from 60 000 to 120 000, which is approximately 215 to 217, respectively. This result shows good agreement with the trial-and-error-based ad hoc approach in Ref. [7], which adopted 215 after the confirmation of the converged damping ratios.
Moment exponential stability of stochastic delay systems with delayed impulse effects at random times and applications in the stabilisation of stochastic neural networks
Published in International Journal of Control, 2020
According to stochastic process theory, the number of impulses until time t is a Poisson process. We use the symbol to denote it. We need the following lemma, which can be found in Zhang and Shang (2009, Theorem 3.2.3).