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Phthalate Esters in the Aquatic Environment
Published in B. K. Afghan, Alfred S. Y. Chau, Analysis of Trace Organics in the Aquatic Environment, 2017
J. Kohli, J. F. Ryan, B. K. Afghan
A number of reports have focused on acute and chronic toxicity as well as chronic lethality and acute lethality of specific PAEs to a variety of aquatic species. However, as Pierce et al.2 have pointed out, the lack of initial or sustained solubility of PAEs in water has forced researchers to resort to use of emulsifiers or solvent aids to achieve aqueous concentrations sufficiently high to elicit toxicological responses. Depending on the agents used to this end (some of which may be toxic themselves) unrealistic results may be obtained. While there is some justification for assuming that PAEs can attain elevated aqueous concentrations in natural waters as a result of complexation with soluble fulvic acid,27 there appears to have been little work done to quantify ancillary ramifications of this as far as synergistic/antagonistic effects, types of fulvic acid, other chemical factors and actual PAE/fulvic acid concentrations are concerned.
Endocrine Disrupters in Drinking Water and Water Reuse
Published in Jason W. Birkett, John N. Lester, Endocrine Disrupters in Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Processes, 2002
In addition to monitoring the reused water by three independent laboratories, an epidemiological study of patients from surrounding hospitals, clinics, and doctors rooms was carried out from 1968 until 1982. Monthly toxicity testing included waterflea lethality, urease enzyme activity and bacterial growth inhibition. Ames salmonella mutagenicity was also determined monthly. From 1981 to 1992, the breathing rhythm of male guppies and several other species were monitored. Results from these studies have revealed no adverse effects. Investigation into EDCs, especially steroid estrogens, which are dominant in domestic effluent, has not been studied.
Principles of Ecotoxicology
Published in Lorris G. Cockerham, Barbara S. Shane, Basic Environmental Toxicology, 2019
The measurements described above cannot be used when the toxicity of a compound is unknown. In this case the first measure of toxicity used is a quantal response or an “all or none” response which is often measured as lethality. To obtain a better understanding of the cause of the toxicity in these experiments in which this quantal response is being determined, observation of the organisms is essential. It is also important that necropsies be performed and tissues taken for histological examination.
Embryotoxic effects of Rovral® for early chicken (Gallus gallus) development
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Beatriz Mitidiero Stachissini Arcain, Maria Cláudia Gross, Danúbia Frasson Furtado, Carla Vermeulen Carvalho Grade
The great demand for food products both human and animal as a result of population growth and changes in consumption patterns, led countries to intensify agricultural production with increased use of pesticides (Food and Agriculture Organization 2010). Despite the importance of these chemicals for the livelihood of our species, pesticides negatively impact the environment, biodiversity, food quality and animal and human health (Alavanja and Bonner 2012; Burns et al. 2013; Henny et al. 2010; Leao et al. 2019). Since different chemicals exert varying actions on living organisms (Hashimi, Hashimi, and Ryan 2020), comparing toxicity levels is difficult. One way to compare the toxic potency or intensity of action of different chemicals is using lethality tests by analyzing the amount of a chemical needed to produce death. Indexes such as median lethal dose (LD50), which seeks the amount of a certain compound capable of killing half of an animal population (Saganuwan 2017), or the median lethal concentration (LC50), serve as indicators of toxicity of a substance, such that the higher the lethal dose/concentration, the less toxic it is considered (Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety 2018).