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Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
The hydrocyclone is another device using centrifugal force to separate solids from liquid based on differences in density and particle size. A typical hydrocyclone consists of a cylindrical section and a conical section (with no internal rotating parts) as shown in Figure 64.3. An external pump is used to transport the liquid suspension to the hydrocyclone through a tangential inlet at high velocity, which in turn generates the liquid rotation and the necessary centrifugal force. The outlet for the bulk of the liquid is connected to a vortex finder located on the axis of upper cylindrical section of the vessel. The underflow, which carries most of the solids, leaves through an adjustable opening (apex) at the bottom of the conical section. It should be noted that the solid-liquid separation in hydrocyclones is never complete because there is always a significant amount of liquid discharging with the solids through the underflow. This feature limits the applications of hydrocyclone to clarification and thickening. In some cases, the hydrocyclone is also used as a classifier to separate suspended particles into different size fractions.
Produced Wastewater Treatment Technology
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Hydraulic Fracturing Wastewater, 2017
Hydrocarbons can be used to separate liquids and solids or liquids of different densities (Stokes’ law). Hydrocyclones can be used to remove particulates and oil from produced wastewater. Depending on the model of hydrocyclone employed, they can remove particles in the range of 5 to 15 µm (NETL, 2016a). Hydrocyclones will not remove soluble oil and grease components (Hayes and Arthur, 2004). Hydrocyclones have been used extensively to treat produced wastewater and are marketed by numerous companies for produced wastewater (NETL, 2016b; Sinker, 2007). Hydrocyclones were used to treat fracturing brine in the Barnett Shale play (Burnett, 2005); in this research study, hydrocyclones were used in combination with organoclays as a pretreatment to reverse osmosis. Hydrocyclones can be used to treat water with high solids and organic chemical concentrations and can reduce oil and grease concentrations to 10 ppm. High product water recovery is possible with this technology. The waste generated from a hydrocyclone is a slurry of concentrated solids. This is the only residual that requires disposal.
A Review on Treatment and Management of Oilfield Produced Water
Published in Subrata Borgohain Gogoi, Advances in Petroleum Technology, 2020
Tapan Jyoti Gogoi, Subrata Borgohain Gogoi, Pranab Boral
Hydrocyclones can remove dispersed oil from OFPW by injecting a high-velocity stream tangentially into the conically shaped hydrocyclones, which creates a vortex. The radial acceleration created in the hydrocyclone forces the more dense water to the outer edge of the hydrocyclone and the less dense oil to the centre. The oil is then produced out of one end of the hydrocyclone and the water out of the other. The effectiveness of hydrocyclones in separating oil and water depends on a large number of parameters, including oil droplet size and oil–water density difference, inlet water velocity, solution gas, solids and system geometry [457, 488]. The major drawback of using a hydrocyclone is its low efficiency and inability to remove dissolved components.
Online techniques for performance and condition monitoring of hydrocyclone: present status and the future
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2023
S. Mishra, Arun Kumar Majumder
Hydrocyclones are stationary mechanical devices which use a centrifugal force to separate or classify two different phases and thus have considerable applications in solid–liquid and liquid–liquid separations. Unlike other separation techniques, hydrocyclones possess the advantages of no moving parts, low energy consumption, less space requirement, low installation and maintenance cost, affordability, higher versatility, and higher separation efficiency with finer cut sizes (few microns) (Ni et al. 2019). Accordingly, hydrocyclones are widely applicable in several industries such as mineral (Plitt 1976), coal (Rao, Vanangamudi and Sufiyan 1986; T.J 1991), petroleum (Mognon et al. 2015), chemical (Huang et al. 2017; Xu et al. 2016), pharmaceutical (Rantanen and Khinast 2015), papermaking (Burt and Thomas 2002), agriculture (Yurdem, Demir and Degirmencioglu 2010), waste management (Li et al. 2016), material science (Fan, Peng and Fan 2016), biotechnology (Romero-Güiza et al. 2014; Santos et al. 2007), nanotechnology (Neesse et al. 2015), food (Emami et al. 2007), environmental protection (Son et al. 2016), and thermal energy (Rastogi et al. 2008).
Application potential of vibration sensors for online process monitoring of hydrocyclones
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2022
S. Mishra, M. H. Tyeb, B. B. Mandal, A. K. Majumder
Hydrocyclone has been extensively used as a solid-liquid separation device in mineral processing, food processing, environmental engineering, pharmaceutical, and petrochemical industry. Unlike other separation devices, hydrocyclone possesses the advantages of having no moving parts, low energy requirement, less operation and maintenance costs, easy operation, and less space requirement (Sabbagh et al. 2015). Owing to such popularity, various online techniques have been proposed by the researchers in the past for the timely monitoring of the optimized performance and operating condition of hydrocyclone. These techniques are summarized in Table 1. A detailed literature review on these online monitoring techniques along with their gaps and limitations can be found elsewhere (Mishra and Majumder 2022). Mishra and Majumder (2022) concluded that the vibration-based monitoring technique for hydrocyclones appears to be more promising than others as it is non-invasive, non-intrusive, robust, and less complex. However, they had also highlighted that the application of vibration-based monitoring technique has only been limited to diagnose adverse operating conditions such as roping, choking, and surging in the hydrocyclone and/or dense medium cyclone and no attempt has so far been made toward its application potential for performance monitoring. This work is an initial attempt toward that.
Simulation analysis on the separation performance of spiral inlet hydrocyclone
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2021
Yuekan Zhang, Peikun Liu, Jiangbo Ge, Xinghua Yang, Meng Yang, Lanyue Jiang
Hydrocyclone is widely used in mineral processing, coal, petroleum, chemicals, and other industries because of its simple structure, flexible operation, large processing capacity, and low operation and maintenance costs (Hu et al. 2020; Moradinejad et al. 2019; Tian et al. 2020). During operation, the slurry enters the hydrocyclone tangentially from the feed port at a certain speed and moves downward spirally along the wall under the action of centrifugal force. When running near the underflow orifice, the tangential velocity gradually increases due to the gradual decrease in the turning diameter, so that the slurry is not completely discharged through the underflow orifice. The slurry is divided into two parts: one is the external swirling flow that continues to move downward along the wall, which is finally discharged through the underflow orifice; and the other part turns upward to form an inner swirling flow, which is discharged through the vortex finder (Cui et al. 2020; Saengchan, Nopharatana, and Songkasiri 2019). The coarse and fine particles are distributed in the hydrocyclone in a certain law because of the difference in particle size and density. That is, the larger the particle size, the closer the particles to the wall; the smaller the particle size, the closer the particles to the axis. Therefore, most of the coarse particles enter the external swirling flow and are discharged from the underflow orifice, while most of the fine particles enter the inner swirling flow and are discharged from the vortex finder (Huang et al. 2020; Salmanizade, Moghaddam, and Mohebbi 2020).