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Briquetting of Natural and Anthropogenic Raw Materials for Ferroalloys Production
Published in Aitber Bizhanov, Briquetting in Metallurgy, 2022
An experimental setup for determining the hot strength of briquettes based on fine-grained chromium ore when heated in a reducing atmosphere in the temperature range 20–1800°C is shown in Fig. 8.15. Before the start of the experiment, the briquette was installed in the isothermal zone of the furnace between graphite plates. The top plate was prevented by the load and the alundum displacement indicator with a total mass of 2 kg. The furnace was closed, pumped out and filled with argon. In the course of linear heating at a rate of 17°C/min, set by the furnace programmer, the gas from the furnace was vented, maintaining the pressure in the furnace equal to the atmospheric pressure. Changes in the sizes of the briquette were fixed according to the movement of the alundum pointer. To improve the accuracy of the readings, an Intel digital microscope was used, which made it possible to conduct linear movements on the computer screen with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. If the absolute value of the displacement is 1 mm (typical for the first heating period of the briquette, when the usual thermal expansion of the briquette prevails), then the relative measurement accuracy is 1% (rel.), which is sufficient for technical measurements. After the experiment, a metallographic section was prepared from the “crushed” briquette and a metallographic analysis of the phase components formed in the briquette was performed.
Tools for Imaging and Characterizing Worn Surfaces
Published in J. Blau Peter, Tribosystem Analysis: A Practical Approach to the Diagnosis of Wear Problems, 2017
A selection of magnifiers is shown in Figures 4.3 and 4.4, which shows a portable digital microscope with polarized light and zoom capabilities (about x20 to x200) that in this case is powered by the computer's Universal Serial Bus (USB) port. Fortunately, handheld digital microscopes, like that shown in Figure 4.4, are readily available to aid in field work. Hitachi Instrument Company has built SEMs capable of imaging objects that are about 1 m3 in size, but such facilities are rare and expensive to maintain. Even if such an instrument were available, the need to operate under high vacuum limits their use on “dirty,” “greasy,” or crevice-filled specimens such as large bearings and gearsets.
Thermomechanical characterization of the dissipation fields around microscale inclusions in elastomers
Published in Alexander Lion, Michael Johlitz, Constitutive Models for Rubber X, 2017
T. Glanowski, Y. Marco, V. Le Saux, B. Huneau, C. Champy, P. Charrier
The other face of the sample is observed with a digital microscope (magnification lens × 1000). Beyond the observation of the damage scenario, the images recorded are used to determine the local strains by digital image correlation. The speckles are made with talcum powder sprayed on the surface.
Investigation of SOD control on leather carbonization in diode laser cutting
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2023
Vasanth S, Muthuramalingam T, Surya Prakash S, Shriman Raghav S
The leather specimens were cut by photo diode-based laser cutting process as shown in Fig. 8 based on design of experiments. The diameter of cut was fixed as 30 mm to make circular specimens. Surface finish is amongst the most important performance indicators in any machining process. The USB digital microscope was used to access the surface finish. To determine surface quality, standoff distance (mm), feedrate (mm/minute) and optical laser power (Watt) were used as input parameters. The output parameters that have been obtained through the machining process experimentation. The amount of carbonized and noncarbonized zone has been determined by using the computational image processing techniques. The standoff distance is one of the most important input parameters used in the domain of laser-based machining and it can be defined as the minimum distance between the lens of laser module to the surface of the machining bed. Standoff distance of 20 mm has been maintained in this machining process since it was determined as the better one through experimentation. The control of this parameter is considered to be one of the primary objectives of this study, therefore an adaptive control closed loop has been implemented. Cutting speed is the relative velocity between the laser module and the machining surface bed. This parameter is essential for obtaining a proper cut during experimentation. This has been used in the ranges of 250 mm/min, 300 mm/min, and 350 mm/min in this machining setup.
Using low temperature plasma for surface modification of polyester fabric: dyeing and printing improvement
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2019
Saied Jamaliniya, Nezam Samei, Sheila Shahidi
Untreated and plasma treated samples were printed with two different methods. In the first method, the FH6100 inkjet printer was used. Each specimen was printed with kaveron Black SRD 300 as disperse dye, fixed at 190 °C, and then washed and dried. In the second method, the samples were manually printed using silk screen printing. The printing paste viscosity was 50 poise, contained 25 g/kg of kaveron black SRD 300, 20 g/l of urea, water and synthetic condensers. In order to investigate the amount of absorbed color in the printed samples, as well as to examine the amount of color penetrated into and behind of the printed samples with two mentioned methods, the reflection of the back and front of the printed samples in 16 different wavelengths was measured using the X-Rite reflectance spectrophotometer model Sp60, and then, the K/S value of each sample was calculated at the minimum reflectance of the samples using Equation (2). The images of printed samples were taken using a USB digital microscope, Micro View (magnification ratio 10–800×).
Synthesis and hydrophobic evaluation of the electro-spun nano-TiO2/PET fibrous bats after treatment with an alkaline solution and fluorocarbon material
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2018
A. Karimi, H. Izadan, A. Khoddami, Z. Mazrouei-Sebdani, S. A. Hosseini Ravandi
The 3 M water/alcohol drop test was examined with the test numbered liquids beginning from water to propan-2-ol in which the propan-2-ol percentage is increased from 0 to 100%. The attributed value of W to 10 represents a sample with the last liquid droplet remaining on the surface after 10 s. In general, the water repellency rating of 2 or greater is desirable (Mazrouei-Sebdani & Khoddami, 2011). The critical angle that a water droplet begins to slide down the inclined surface is known as the sliding angle. Sliding angle was measured by an instrument built in a previous research (Feng & Jiang, 2006; Mazrouei-Sebdani & Khoddami, 2011) with five tests for each sample. Contact angle of the samples was evaluated by OCA 15 Plus device (Dataphysics) with three tests for each sample and a water droplet of about 4 μL (Kulinich & Farzaneh, 2009). The droplet images on the samples were taken using a USB digital microscope, Micro View (magnification ratio 10-800X), China.