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Port Operations
Published in Maria G. Burns, Port Management and Operations, 2018
Arrived Ship, Port C/P, and Berth C/P In voyage charter parties, the charterer designates ports, sets itineraries and furnishes cargoes, and is allowed to load and discharge the cargo within a specific period, that is, laytime. Demurrage is paid once laytime is exceeded. In an ideal scenario, the ship arrives at her port(s) with no delays. In real maritime business, delays and misunderstandings as to the C/P wording are quite common. In voyage charter parties, the ship’s master needs to ascertain at which point the ship has become an “arrived ship” as defined in the contract’s terms. This is determined from the C/P stipulations, and the distinction between a “port C/P” and a “berth C/P.”In case of a “berth C/P,” the vessel is an “arrived ship,” and laytime commences once it arrives at its designated berth.
Port and terminal operations management
Published in Dong-Ping Song, Container Logistics and Maritime Transport, 2021
The commonly used facilities and freight charges in container ports include the following: Quayside is an area at port connecting to seaborne transport to perform container transferring between sea and shore. It consists of a number of berth spaces and equipped with quay cranes (QCs).Yardside is an area for container storage at port temporarily, before loading onto a vessel (exporting containers) or after unloading from a vessel (importing containers).Landside is an area connecting to hinterland transport via the gate system or the rail terminals.Gate system is to process external trucks to retrieve or deliver containers by connecting hinterland road to the container yard.Rail terminals are areas at a port to transport containers by trains between inland intermodal terminals and the seaport.Berth refers to a place alongside a quay where a containership is moored or secured to perform loading and unloading activities.Container yard is a facility within a port or inland for container handling and storage purpose.Container freight station (CFS) is a dedicated area within a port, which consists of a set of sheds or warehouses where cargos can be stuffed into or stripped from containers.Customs or customhouse is a government office located within the port where documents are processed and filed, and duties are paid for foreign shipments.Demurrage is a penalty charged to shippers for not taking the full container out of the port/terminal area within the allowed free days.Stevedoring charges refer to the charges incurred for loading or unloading a ship. It is initially charged to the shipowner.Terminal handling charge (THC) refers to the aggregated costs associated with handling a container at the terminal. The costs include access (receipt, delivery, inspection, and CFS), equipment maintenance, equipment use, and stevedoring. THC is charged to shippers.
Identifying port congestion and evaluating its impact on maritime logistics
Published in Maritime Policy & Management, 2022
Xiwen Bai, Haiying Jia, Mingqi Xu
In this section, we estimate the direct impact on shipowners and cargo owners who experienced congestion in Port Haldia, whose time-varying port time is presented in Figure 5, during the sample period. Figure 6 presents the estimated time-varying economic implications for cargo owners and shipowners. For presentation purpose, if several ships enter the port on the same day, the average economic impact is calculated. Positive numbers indicate costs, while negative numbers indicate potential benefits brought to the parties due to congestion. It is shown that the total cost of congestion is mostly borne by the cargo owner and the largest cost component comes from extended freight costs (demurrage).