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Knowledge Structures for Encoding, Formatting, and Packaging
Published in Denise Bedford, Knowledge Architectures, 2020
We must also understand format compression because we are concerned about being able to access the knowledge kernel – whether it is a recorded interview, speech or memorandum, or a cultural performance funded by a community organization. Compression is essential to all kinds of formats, but mainly to audio file formats because it is a way to manage file size. Compression choices are typically made by network and technology architects to conserve storage space. Their decisions, though, can impact the knowledge architect’s ability to provide continuous availability to digital assets well into the future. Knowledge architects should understand the three types of compression, including (1) uncompressed audio (WAV, AIFF, AU or raw header-less PCM); (2) lossless compression files (FLAC, WavPack, TTA, ATRAC, ALAC, PGEG-4, MPEG-4ALS, MPEG-4DST, Windows Media Audio Lossless) and (3) lossy compression (i.e., Opus, MP3, Vorbis, Musepack, AAC, ATRAC, Windows Media Audio Lossy). Uncompressed audio is an audio file with no compression applied to it – the sound remains the same as when it was recorded. Lossless formats use compression algorithms that preserve audio data, so the audio is the same as the source. The lossy audio produces a lower-quality sound and has a smaller file size. Lossy compression produces a smaller file size and has a lower quality sound. It is called lossy because this approach to compression is not reversible – it is impossible to rebuild any elements that were stripped away. The encoding standards you choose will impact what is and is not available in the knowledge asset as you transform or map it for use in new applications.
Time-Triggered Communication
Published in Richard Zurawski, Networked Embedded Systems, 2017
TTP/C provides fault-tolerant clock synchronization via the Fault-Tolerant Average clock synchronization algorithm [LL84]. The clock synchronization algorithm of the TTA has been formally verified in Ref. [PSF99]. It differs from other algorithms by the fact that no special synchronization messages are used for the exchange of the local clock values of nodes. The difference between the expected and the actual arrival time of an incoming message is used to estimate the deviation between the local clock of the receiver and the sender. Furthermore, TTP/C provides support to collect timing information only from selected nodes, thereby nodes with inferior oscillators can be left out as inputs for clock synchronization.
Formal Methods in the Automotive Domain: The Case of TTA
Published in Nicolas Navet, Françoise Simonot-Lion, Automotive Embedded Systems Handbook, 2017
Dutertre and Sorea describe an approach that preserves time as a continuous variable, but makes timed systems amenable to analysis also by model checkers for discrete transition systems [7]. However, as the state space becomes infinite, satisfiability modulo theories-based (SMT-based) bounded model checkers are necessary. They apply their approach to verifying the TTA startup algorithm using k-induction.
Sun Flower Optimization with Self-Tuned Fuzzy Logic MPPT Controller and Reactive Power Compensation for Grid-Connected PV System
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Nirmala Rajendran, Venkatesan Sundharajan
Eid and Abdel-Akher [37] employed a voltage control method for regulating the bus voltage in an unbalanced distribution network. Also, it used a fuzzy-based controlling algorithm for calculating an optimal phase voltage with respect to the power factor. In addition to that, a hysteresis current control mechanism was used to provide the required amount of reactive power for voltage regulation. In order to prove the efficacy of this system, a Voltage Unbalance Factor (VUF) was utilized to validate the test results in different cases. Kashif, et al. [38] employed a three-level active power filtering technique for reducing the harmonics and improving the reactive power compensation of a grid system. Here, a Time Transformation Algorithm (TTA) was employed to estimate the relationship between the control signals and the output current of the inverter circuit. Also, this work intended to reduce the voltage imbalance for avoiding the low-frequency ripples in the output voltage. Moreover, the neutral point voltage was controlled by applying a zero sequence injection method. The benefits of this work were fast and efficient current generation. Panchbhai, et al. [39] utilized a Shunt Active Power Filtering (SAPF) technique for reactive power compensation and reduction of harmonics distortion in the power system. This filtering technique includes four functional blocks such as instantaneous power calculation, DC voltage regulation, current reference calculation, and power compensating selection block.