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Restoration and Conservation Strategies of Historical Monuments
Published in M.H. Fulekar, Bhawana Pathak, Bioremediation Technology, 2020
Chandrahas N. Khobragade, Madhushree M. Routh, Suchita C. Warangkar
Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density (mass of the same unit volume) of a reference substance at defined conditions of temperature and pressure. This is significant because the specific gravity of deteriorated stones is always less than a virgin stone used to study the extent of biochemical deterioration. The American Society for Testing Materials has recommended the following method for the determination of the specific gravity of stone. The formula for its calculation is as follows (Duggal and Puri, 1991): S=A/B–C,where S = specific gravity.A = weight of dried sample.B = weight of the wet sample.C = weight of the basket holding the sample to immerse it in water.B – C = weight of the water displaced by the stone sample when immersed in water.
Soil Mechanics
Published in Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough, Earth Materials, 2019
Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough
Some scientists and engineers prefer to talk about specific gravity (S.G., SG, s.g., or Gs) instead of density. Specific gravity is the ratio of density of a material to the density of a reference material, typically water: specific gravity = SG =ρsample/ρwater Because water has a density of about 1 gm/cm3 at Earth-surface conditions, the density of any substance in gm/cm3 is about the same numerically as its specific gravity relative to water.
Fluid Statics
Published in Ahlam I. Shalaby, Fluid Mechanics for Civil and Environmental Engineers, 2018
The Archimedes principle and thus the realization of the existence of the buoyant force has numerous practical applications in engineering. Applications for floating bodies include the calculation of the draft of surface vessels, the increment in depth of flotation from the increment in weight of the ship's cargo, the lift of airships and balloons, swimmers, icebergs, and hydrometers (used to measure the specific gravity of a fluid). Applications for neutrally buoyant/suspended bodies include the design of submarines and satellites. Regardless of whether the body is designed to remain floating or to remain neutrally buoyant/suspended in the fluid (or sink to the bottom), the weight, W of the body acts downward through the center of gravity, G of the body, and is designed to be equal in magnitude to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body, the buoyant force, FB, which acts through the “center of buoyancy,” B.
Geotechnical parameter assessment of sediment deposit: A case study in Pasakha, Bhutan
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2021
Karma Tempa, Nimesh Chettri, Raju Sarkar, Sunil Saha, Lily Gurung, Tshering Dendup, Bhawani Shankar Nirola
Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of material to the weight of an equal volume of water (at 20°C). The specific gravity indicates how much heavier (or lighter) the material is than water according to IS: 2720 (Part 3- section 2)-1980. Specific gravity is an integral gravimetric property useful for determining various soil properties such as the void ratio, unit weight, degree of saturation and most importantly the porosity of the soil. It can also be used in wet analysis for determining particle size. Thus, specific gravity of soil should be precisely determined. The Pycnometer method was adopted for determining specific gravity of soil for fraction passing 4.75 mm I. S. sieve and results are presented in Table 5.
An overview of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of starchy and lignocellulosic biomass for bio-ethanol production
Published in Biofuels, 2019
In the spectrophotometric analysis technique, sodium dichromate based colorimetric method is well known for ethanol estimation. The method is consist of five sequential stages: preparation of ethanol stock solution, preparation of sample solution, preparation of sodium dichromate reagent, preparation of acetate buffer (pH 4.3) and preparation of sulfuric acid. In this process, standard stock solution of 1.6 mg/mL, 5 mL of sodium dichromate solution, 5 mL of acetate buffer pH 4.3 and 25 mL of 1N sulfuric acid ware mixed all together in a 50 mL volumetric flask. The mixture was shaken gently for 1 min and allowed to incubate it at room temperature for 120 minutes. It leads to the formation of green color reaction product. After the incubation period, absorbances of the samples were measured at 578 nm to estimate ethanol concentration [81]. Another method is the specific gravity method. The method was related to the measurement of the specific gravity of the solution using a hydrometer. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water. Because the density of ethanol is less than that of water, the specific gravity of a solution will decrease as the amount of ethanol in that solution increases. These measurements allowed for a relative estimation of the amount of ethanol produced. However, the sugar content of a solution also affects the specific gravity as both sugar levels were decreasing with increasing level of ethanol concentration.
Investigation and optimization of the recovery of coal fines using oil agglomeration process: Use of waste oils from different sectors
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2018
Anand Mohan Yadav, Nikkam Suresh, Abhishek Sundaram, Pravesh Painkra, Ashish Kumar Raja, Md Arshad
As a bridging material, different waste oils from three different sectors have been used. The waste soybean oil (WSB) from domestic sector (household kitchen), waste engine oil (WEO) from Automobile sector (local automobile mechanic shop, Dhanbad area), waste transformer oil (WTO) from Power generation-Transmission sector (District Power Station, Dhanbad area). The oils were filtered via filter cloth to remove any trace amount of residue. The specific gravity was determined using a hydrometer. The kinematic viscosity was determined by using the viscometer. The interfacial oil-water surface tension and surface tension was determined by using the spinning drop tensiometer. The characteristics of bridging oils are mentioned in Table 4. The bridging oil characterization tests were performed at Central Research Facility, IIT-ISM Dhanbad.