China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Instrumentation and Pigging
Published in Henry Liu, Pipeline Engineering, 2017
The density of fluid in a pipe can be measured by different means. Whenever possible, the density of liquid in a pipe can be determined by taking a sample of the liquid, and then using a volumetric container or hydrometer to determine the density of the sample. A volumetric container is a glass or metal container that has a precisely determined volume for measuring the density of liquid. By knowing the precise volume and the weight of the sample, the density, specific weight, and specific gravity can all be determined easily. A hydrometer is a calibrated glass float used to determine the specific gravity of liquid. It is simple, inexpensive, and accurate. It is the same familiar device used for checking the antifreeze concentration of a car. For gas, direct measurement of density by weight and volume is impractical. The common method to determine the density of gas in a pipe is to measure the pressure and temperature of the gas, and then use the equation of state to calculate the gas density in a manner discussed in Chapter 3.
Engine cooling, vehicle heating and air conditioning
Published in M.J. Nunney, Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology, 2007
A hydrometer is an instrument for determining the relative density of a liquid, or the number of times a volume of that liquid is as heavy as an equal volume of water. It will, no doubt, be more familiar as a convenient method for testing the state of charge of a car battery. In a similar manner, it may be necessary to apply a temperature correction to the reading obtained with an antifreeze testing hydrometer, otherwise an appreciable error can arise in determining the freezing point of the solution. It is therefore imperative to follow the instructions issued with the hydrometer.
Reference Method for Testing Hydrometers
Published in Frank E. Jones, Techniques and Topics in FLOW MEASUREMENT, 2020
A hydrometer is an instrument that can be used to determine the density or the specific gravity of liquids used in flow measurements. A typical hydrometer is shown in Figure 12.1. It is constructed of glass with a bulb partially filled with a suitable ballast material. A slender glass tube enclosing the hydrometer scale is attached to the bulb and the entire instrument is hermetically sealed. The principle on which the hydrometer functions is attributed to Archimedes.
Estimating soil texture with laser-guided Bouyoucos
Published in Automatika, 2020
Before starting the Bouyoucos-hydrometer method, 40 g of sodium hexametaphosphate is mixed with 1 L of purified water and allowed to fully dissolve for one day. Some amount of soil is taken from the dry soil sample (25 g for clayey soil, 50 g for loamy soil, and 100 g for sandy soil) and placed in an oven at about 105°C for 1 d. Then it is passed through a 2 mm sieve and eliminated from big stones and its weight is measured. A new and same amount of soil sample is taken and mixed with the previously prepared 10 ml of sodium hexametaphosphate and 150 ml of distilled water solution, and left for 1 d. After mixing it in the dispersion vessel (5 min for sandy soil, 10 min for loamy soil, 15 min for clayey soil), the mixture is put into 1000 ml sedimentation cylinder (beaker) and distilled water is added up to 1000 ml line. The suspension is stirred thoroughly by moving it up and down 20 times with the brass mixing rod. Timer is started when the mixing rod is removed from the cylinder. After exactly 20 s, the hydrometer is gently immersed into the suspension and 40 s later the reading of the hydrometer is recorded. At the end of the 2nd hour of the experiment (again by immersing the hydrometer 20 s before), a second reading is made. The temperature values are also recorded in both readings. If the temperature is different from 20°C the calculated ((ReadTemperature − 20) × 0.36) value is added to the recorded hydrometer value as a correction. Both of the hydrometer readings are compared to the weight of the oven-dried soil sample. The ratio obtained from the first reading gives the percentage of “silt + clay”, and the ratio obtained from the second reading gives the percentage of “clay”. Sand, silt and clay percentages are determined using simple mathematical operations [7].
Impact analysis of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil biodiesel on performance and emission characteristic of diesel engine under variation in compression ratio, engine load, and blend proportion
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Rahul Krishnaji Bawane, A. Muthuraja, Gajanan N. Shelke, Anshul Gangele
Density – IS 1448 (P16) 2007 method used to determine the density, in this the sample is brought to 15°C and transferred to a cylinder at the same temperature. The appropriate hydrometer is lowered into the sample and allowed to settle. After temperature equilibrium has be reached, the hydrometer scale is read for its density.