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The influence of the built environment on walking experience and walking intentions. A case-study from Bristol, UK
Published in Michèle Pezzagno, Maurizio Tira, Town and Infrastructure Planning for Safety and Urban Quality, 2018
A. Bornioli, G. Parkhurst, P. Morgan
Multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to explore the association between WI and a series of independent variables: affective appraisals (AWE), environmental perceptions, walking habits, and socio-demographics. The model was significant, F(8,206) = 11.113, MSE = 88.906, p = .000, R2adj = .350 (Table 2). The Sobel test indicated mediation of attractiveness by Δstress, t = 3.22, p = .001, and by Δhedtone, t = 6.27, p = .000.
Health Impairment Process in Human Service Work
Published in Dorota Żołnierczyk-Zreda, Emotional Labour in Work with Patients and Clients, 2020
A more recent occupational stress model, the Job Demand–Resources (JD–R) model [Bakker and Demerouti 2017; Schaufeli and Bakker 2004] has been an attempt to explain these dynamics by referring to the mediating role of job burnout. The authors of the model have identified dual processes that play a role in the development of job-related strain and motivation [Bakker and Demerouti 2007]. In the first process, coined the “motivational process”, job resources lead to desirable organizational outcomes (e.g. organizational commitment) via work engagement. According to the second process, coined the “health impairment process”, prolonged job demands result in diminished job resources, which is conducive to job burnout and leads to depression in the long run [Bakker and Demerouti 2007]. The health impairment process has been the focus of the current study. It has been supported by previous research findings [Baka 2015; de Beer, Pienaar, and Rothmann 2016; Hakanen, Bakker, and Schaufeli 2006; Hakanen, Schaufeli, and Ahola 2008; Hu, Schaufeli, and Taris 2011; Lewig et al. 2007], however, most of the studies have been conducted following the cross-sectional study paradigm, and not the cross-lagged study method. This has been problematic as testing mediation effects based on the results of cross-sectional studies is being heavily criticized in social research [Maxwell, Cole, and Mitchell 2011]. Researchers have pointed out that the cross-sectional method, measuring study variables at a single point in time, does not permit the establishment of a clear causal relationship between variables. The classical mediation method developed by Baron and Kenny [1986] and the Sobel test [1982] have also been criticized, and more recent and effective research methods have been proposed as a result [Rucker et al. 2011; Williams and MacKinnon 2008].
Interchange roles of formal and informal project management on business operational success
Published in Production Planning & Control, 2022
Using the approach proposed by Hair et al. (2017), an additional evaluation of the mediation can be performed by comparing the direct and indirect effects. Because formal project management has no mediation effect, this procedure will only be used to assess the impact of informal project management. Using the path diagram of Figure 4b, the direct effect is 0.33 and the indirect effect is 0.33 × 0.62 = 0.20. As a result, the total effect can be calculated by adding the direct and indirect effects, which equals 0.33 + 0.20 = 0.53. The Sobel test was used to estimate the level of significance of this result (Preacher and Hayes 2008), yielding a p-value of 0.000. These calculations agree with the results shown in Table 6. In summary, the mediation of project management practice is confirmed because the total effect is significant and has a higher value than the direct effect.
Understanding Employee Information Security Policy Compliance from Role Theory Perspective
Published in Journal of Computer Information Systems, 2021
Forough Nasirpouri Shadbad, David Biros
To ensure the presence of mediation effect in addition to verification by Baron and Kenny60 analysis, we performed the Sobel test for the indirect effect of role stress on ISP compliance intention through organizational commitment. We used the Preacher’ online Sobel test calculator (http://quantpsy.org/sobel/sobel.htm). The Sobel test statistics was significant (Z = −2.10, p < .05). This provided support for the H2 on the mediation effect of organizational commitment and ISP compliance intention relationshiHowever, because the direct effect of role stress to intention is significant, based on Baron and Kenny,60 we concluded that the path from role stress to ISP compliance intention is partially mediated by organizational commitment. We tested for the interaction effect of organizational support with role stress. The result of the analysis did not show a significant interaction effect (β = −0.08, p > .05). Thus H3 was not supported. Overall, given the value of 28% for the R2, our theoretical model demonstrated reliable explanatory power and made a meaningful interpretation.
Users’ Cognitive and Affective Response to the Risk to Privacy from a Smart Speaker
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2021
Jonghwa Park, Hanbyul Choi, Yoonhyuk Jung
This study conducted a post-hoc analysis to test mediation models. We employed the Sobel test (Sobel, 1987) to examine the mediating role of the emotions using smart speakers. The Sobel test utilizes a robust estimation of mediation models by providing a more direct test of an indirect effect (Preacher & Hayes, 2004). The present model used the Sobel z test to examine the relative size of the indirect versus direct paths, regardless of whether the direct paths are significant (Iacobucci, Saldanha, & Deng, 2007). The Sobel’s z statistics for privacy concerns indicated full mediation (Table 6), suggesting that the emotions fully mediate the relationship between privacy concerns and coping behaviors.