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Fluid Flow and Pumping Concepts
Published in Marsbed H. Hablanian, High-Vacuum Technology, 2017
All compressors, regardless of the type of construction, size, and the pumped medium can be characterized by two basic parameters, one of mass flow and one of pressure (Figure 4.3). The basic performance can be shown without precisely specifying the shape of the curve. Note that this is analogous to an electrical power supply, with voltage taking the place of pressure and electric current replacing the fluid flow. The flow can be measured and expressed in volumetric units (cubic feet per minute, liters per second, etc.) or in mass units (pounds per hour, grams per second, etc.). The pressure can be inlet pressure or discharge pressure, depending on our interest, and instead of pressure we can also display pressure difference or pressure ratio.
Modeling of an Energy-Diverse Embedded Grid for Microreactor Integration
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2023
Lucas Wodrich, Alvin J. H. Lee, Tomasz Kozlowski, Caleb S. Brooks
The HRSGs in APP cogenerate about 84 kilo pounds per hour (kPPH) of 850 psig boiler steam when the CTs are operating at maximum capacity and the steam generation from the HRSGs can be increased by burning additional natural gas in the integrated duct burners to produce a combined boiler steam output of 200 kPPH. The natural gas boilers (B1, B2, and B3) originally produced 325 psi boiler steam but were upgraded in 2020 to produce 850 psig boiler steam. This upgrade eliminated the 325 psig boiler steam generation and shifted the capacity to the more efficient 850 psig boiler steam network.11 Nonetheless, 325 psig boiler steam can still be produced by a set of pressure-reducing valves, allowing STGs 1, 2, and 3 to continue operation.10 The throttling conditions are maintained at 625°F and 750°F for all STGs.
Tradeoffs between energy use and ventilation rates in U.S. Retail stores
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2020
Zuhaira Alhafi, Jelena Srebric
In order to maintain the formaldehyde levels below the California’s OEHHA guideline of 8.96 µg/m3 (7.3 ppb), the mangers/operators of the two studied retail stores would need to do one or more of the following to control this pollutant: (a) increase ventilation rates, (b) implement effective air cleaning, (c) reduce the whole- emission rate WBER, and/or (d) implement source control strategies. Specifically, the measured ventilation rates would need to be increased by 53% and 12%, and the ASHRAE minimum ventilation rates required by the floor component would need to be increased by 43% and 21% for retail stores 1 and 2, respectively. Furthermore, sorbent media could be deployed for the air cleaning strategies in the two retail stores (Fisk 2015). In general, the selected media consists of spherical, porous pellets formed from a combination of activated alumina and other binders, suitably impregnated with potassium permanganate (KMnO4). During pellet formation the potassium permanganate is applied so that it is uniformly distributed throughout the pellet volume and the reaction of potassium permanganate with formaldehyde is completely available (Product Bulletin for Purafil Select Media, 2015). The selected media have two common methods of deployment. The first method uses trays filled with the sorbent media, while the second method integrates the sorbent media into fiber particle filters. A general equation is used to calculate pounds per hour of media needed for chemical filtration of roof top units filters for two case studies under their specific conditions of formaldehyde gas concentrations and supply air flow rates. The total formaldehyde flow rate in the lb gas/hr units is divided by 2.5%, which is the media removal capacity: