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Introduction to Aerodynamics
Published in Thomas Corke, Robert Nelson, Wind Energy Design, 2018
Horizontal axis wind turbine blades extract power from the wind using the aerodynamic forces created on the rotor blades. When the aerodynamics forces in the plane of rotation are large enough the rotor begins to turn. The aerodynamic forces acting on the blades can be resolved into the components normal to and in the plane of rotation. The spanwise normal force distribution yields the thrust loading on the blades. Integration of the thrust loading yields the thrust load transmitted to the tower. Most wind turbines blades are securely attached to the drive shaft and from a structural perspective the turbine blade act like a rotating cantilever beam. The blade thrust loading creates a bending moment that deflects the blades out of the plane of rotation toward the tower for a upwind rotor design. The component of the aerodynamic forces acting in the plane of rotation times the distance to the axis of rotation creates a torque. The torque times the angular velocity of the rotor yields the mechanical power transmitted to the wind turbine drive shaft. The mechanical power is converted to electric power by the power conversion components such as a gearbox, generator and electric power conditioning equipment.
Kinematics in Angular Motion
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
When a body rotates in a 2-D plane, the rotation is characterized by the fact that the rotating body (its external point) moves around the perimeter of a circle or a cylinder at the same distance from the center of rotation. The rotating body describes a certain angle that can be measured by angles or radians.
Temperature-dependent vibrational behavior of bilayer doubly curved micro-nano liposome shell: Simulation of drug delivery mechanism
Published in Journal of Thermal Stresses, 2023
Yousef Rahimi, Majid Ghadiri, Ali Rajabpour, Mehrdad Farajzadeh Ahari
According to the mentioned assumptions, the displacement field is defined as [35–37]: where () represents the displacement components of an arbitrary point (،،) in the three main directions of the composite sheet and and are the displacements of a point of material on the middle plane ( =0) along the and axes. and represent the rotation angles of the middle plane (shear rotation) around the and axes, respectively.
Free and forced vibration analysis of laminated composite beams with through-the-width delamination by considering the in-plane and out-of-plane deformations
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2023
Amirhossein Heshmati, Ramazan-Ali Jafari-Talookolaei, Paolo S. Valvo, Morteza Saadatmorad
The first three corresponding mode shapes for the in-plane and out-of-plane bending modes of the considered beam have been depicted in Figure 8. In this figure, and as an example, the delamination is located at interface 2, and the results are presented for the free mode model. It should be noted that the solid, dashed, and dashed-dotted lines with black color in Figure 8 illustrate the axial displacement, out-of-plane bending displacement, and in-plane bending displacement amplitudes, respectively. Furthermore, the red solid, dashed, and dashed-dotted lines demonstrate the torsion, out-of-plane bending rotation, and in-plane bending rotation amplitudes. Also, the blue solid, dashed, and dashed-dotted lines represent the axial, out-of-plane bending, and in-plane bending displacement amplitudes in the delaminated region, while the corresponding green lines indicate torsion, out-of-plane, and in-plane bending rotation amplitudes in the delaminated region.
The effect of a moderately reclined seat-back angle on the kinematics of the Large-Omnidirectional Child Anthropomorphic Test Device with and without a belt-positioning booster in frontal crashes
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2022
Valentina Graci, Hans Hauschild, Jalaj Maheshwari, John Humm
Time series and peaks of abdominal pressure (left and right), Anterior-Superior-Illiac-Spine (ASIS) forces (lower, and upper), and shoulder and lap seat belt forces were examined. Sagittal peak head and knee excursions were extracted in relation to the production door striker location. Knee-head forward excursion (Klinich et al. 2014) was calculated based on peak head excursion subtracted to the knee forward excursion at the time of peak head excursion. Sagittal plane pelvis rotation was integrated from the pelvis rotational velocity. Peak lumbar axial forces were also examined. Dependent measures were averaged between repetitions for comparisons. The risk of abdominal injury was calculated according to the abdominal injury curves and equation published by NHTSA (Suntay et al. 2021), where 25% of a AIS 3+ abdomen injury risk corresponded to 84.7 kPa, 50% of AIS 3+ abdomen injury risk corresponded to 114.5 kPa, and 75% of AIS 3+ abdomen injury risk corresponded to 137.8 kPa.