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Creating graphs
Published in Perry R. Hinton, Isabella McMurray, Presenting Your Data with SPSS Explained, 2017
Perry R. Hinton, Isabella McMurray
Pie charts are circular graphs which illustrate part-to-whole relationships. Each segment or slice of the pie represents a proportion of the total or whole pie. Often researchers convert their data to percentages before plotting their results in a pie chart, so the whole pie represents 100% and each slice is the percentage contribution of a particular category of the whole. Pie charts are visually appealing, especially where segments vary in size. However, they are not universally approved of by researchers, as it is argued that the size of the slices is not always clear and any comparison between them is quite hard to make, so the detractors recommend using bar charts instead. Some of the reasons why pie charts are criticised is that a report cluttered with numerous pie charts can confuse the main findings. Also, producing a pie chart with only two slices is probably superfluous and one with too many slices might be difficult to interpret in terms of what each slice represents (in terms of its relative contribution). Therefore, we recommend that a pie chart works best when there are between three to seven slices. Pie charts are also not very good when you want to compare two variables (rather than the components of one) so it is a good idea to think about using a bar or line chart when the point being illustrated is a comparison. However, the occasional pie chart might present a very clear visual representation of specific data in certain circumstances, such as illustrating the set of items in a category.
Construction Management Tools
Published in Abdul Razzak Rumane, Handbook of Construction Management, 2016
Pie chart is a circle divided into wedges to depict proportion of data or information in order to understand how they make up the whole. The entire pie chart represents all the data, while each slice or wedge represents a different class or group within the whole. The portions of entire circle or pie sum to 100%. Figure 4.7 illustrates the contents of contractor’s site staff at construction project site.
R Programming
Published in Neeraj Kumar, Aaisha Makkar, Machine Learning in Cognitive IoT, 2020
The pie chart is created using the pie() function. The bar or dot plots over pie charts are mostly preferred because vertical judgment is more accurate than the vertical representation while analyzing the data. Pie charts function takes the form, pie(x, labels=), where x is a non-negative numeric vector indicating the area of each slice, and labels= notes a character vector of names for the slices.
Bibliographical progress in hybrid renewable energy systems’ integration, modelling, optimization, and artificial intelligence applications: A critical review and future research perspective
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Pengyu Wei, Olusola Bamisile, Humphrey Adun, Dongsheng Cai, Sandra Obiora, Jian Li, Qi Huang
A typical HRES system mainly consists of photovoltaic battery arrays, wind turbines, battery storage devices, diesel generators, and AC/DC loads. If the power generated from renewable energy sources exceeds the required load demand, the remaining power is utilized to charge the battery pack, and when the generated power is insufficient to meet the load demand, the battery pack is discharged to meet the load demand (Wang, Ng, and Deb 2011). The components of the system determine the configuration structure of the system, and there are also different modeling methods for each component of the system, and the choice of these modeling methods will also affect the final system function and operation. HRES is mostly composed of solar and wind energy, and then adds a suitable energy storage system and the corresponding load (Mazzeo et al. 2021). According to the different components, the common HRES can be divided into hybrid photovoltaic systems, hybrid wind energy systems, hybrid PV/wind energy systems, etc. The Pie chart of HRES research area distribution is in Figure 6.
Evaluating Visual Consistency of Icon Usage in Across-Devices
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
Xiaojiao Chen, Xiaoteng Tang, Ying Zhao, Tengyu Huang, Ran Qian, Jiayi Zhang, Wei Chen, Xiaosong Wang
In visual consistency studies, bias has been found toward various encoding features [e.g., the length of lines (Guilford, 1932), the height of bars in a bar chart and angles of pie chart sections (Lu et al., 2022), and points in a scatterplot (Wei et al., 2020)]. Moreover, previous studies have mainly focused on the effectiveness of devices based on the design elements of the icons, such as color (Hsieh, 2017; Shen et al., 2015), size (Kwon et al., 2016), shape (Fleetwood & Byrne, 2002), and composition (Shen et al., 2018). de Oliveira and da Rocha (2007) propose devices with different elements (e.g., size, weight, etc.) and perception should be mapped to each device’s interaction type to remain usability. Few studies have examined visual consistency caused by icon features. Furthermore, adaptive layout designs mainly aim to adapt web content to different devices, and some studies have been carried out to explore the adaptive interface (Gutwin & Fedak, 2004), font size (Alexander et al., 2018), etc. However, whether icon features or adaptive scaling affect visual consistency has been unexplored, especially with cross-device displays.
Understanding the Grocery Store Environment in A Michigan Urban Setting: A Case Study in A Bangladeshi Community
Published in Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 2022
Olivia Ford, Alice Jo Rainville, Rachel Bessire, Xining Yang, Tsu-Yin Wu
Figure 2 illustrates the relationship between the availability, quality, and price factors of each store in relation to the spatial distribution of Asian Americans. The bigger the pie chart, the higher the NEMS-CS score for that food store. The blue area on the pie chart indicates the number of points given for the availability of healthy food. The orange area indicates the number of points given for the quality category of the survey (e.g. the quality of fruits and vegetables). The purple area on the pie chart indicates the total number of points given for the pricing of the healthy foods; if the healthy foods are priced lower than the regular items there are more points given. If the maximum number of points were earned for each category, availability points (blue area) would account for 59% of the pie chart, quality (orange area) would account for 10%, and price (purple area) would account for 31%. Out of 21 stores, 9 (43%) had a score above the average, for the stores in this survey, for availability. Thus, there is room for improvement as well as gaps to fill on improving the quality and affordability of the food in these areas as seen by the lack of orange or purple areas in 12 of the pie charts.