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MOSFET Design and Its Optimization for Low-Power Applications
Published in Suman Lata Tripathi, Parvej Ahmad Alvi, Umashankar Subramaniam, Electrical and Electronic Devices, Circuits and Materials, 2021
P. Vimala, M. Karthigai Pandian, T. S. Arun Samuel
Although a TFET is considered an appropriate device for CMOS technology, it also faces certain limitations such as ON current reduction and ambipolar behavior. The basic principle of carrier tunneling and silicon material’s large indirect band gap in a TFET result in far less ON current than the requirements of the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) [23]. In order to use a TFET as an alternative to CMOS technology, the ON current must be within the range of micro amperes to milli amperes and the OFF current must be within the range of femto–pico amperes. The ambipolar behavior is a further demerit and a unique property of TFETs [24]. TFETs are found to be less effective for complementary circuits due to their ambipolar conduction, and this limits their functionality in the design of digital circuits. Therefore, while designing TFETs for CMOS applications, it is significant to reduce the ambipolar current as far as possible.
Far-From-Equilibrium Quantum Transport
Published in Dragica Vasileska, Stephen M. Goodnick, Gerhard Klimeck, Computational Electronics, 2017
Dragica Vasileska, Stephen M. Goodnick, Gerhard Klimeck
A resonant tunnel diode (RTD) is a double barrier structure as previously discussed in Chapter 9 (see Figure 9.2). A RTD is formed as a single quantum well structure surrounded by very thin layer barriers. Electrons confined in the double barrier device can only have discrete energy values and transmission through the structure is resonantly enhanced at these energies. The position of the central resonance can be modulated by an applied bias. The emitter acts as an electron supply and the central resonance as a band-pass filter that probes the emitter. The current is increased as the resonance gets close to the sea of electrons in the emitter and drops again when it dips under the emitter conduction band. The current reduction acts like a negative differential resistance (NDR) which can be utilized for high speed analog circuits. The speed of such a device is limited only by the electron tunneling time that is in the order of pico-seconds. RTDs could therefore operate at the THz regime. Digital applications could utilize the existence of the stable valley after the peak current in a latch circuitry. The critical understanding to bring such a device to fruition is to understand the valley current since it limits the on-off ratio that can be obtained in a switch and creates a useless, heat generating dark current.
Introducing LTspice XVII Circuit Simulator
Published in Pooja Mohindru, Pankaj Mohindru, Electronic Circuit Analysis using LTspice XVII Simulator, 2021
Pooja Mohindru, Pankaj Mohindru
To enter 100 Ω, just type 100 in the box as the simulator assumes the resistance in a default unit of an ohm. For assigning value suffixes or unit prefixes other than an ohm, the user can employ a character p for pico, n for nano, u (letter U) for micro, k for kilo, m (letter M) for milli, and MEG for mega. For assigning a 4.7 kΩ (kiloohms) resistance value to the resistor model, use either a conventional American format, that is, 4.7k or a European international format, that is, 4k7.
Mixed-reality human-machine-interface for motor learning of physical activities
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2022
Sebastian Chinchilla Gutierrez, Jose Salazar, Yasuhisa Hirata
The hardware of the mixed reality system (Figure 7(c)) was chosen in order to keep it at an affordable cost for household purposes, including the motion capture system, a projector and its camera, and a set of vibroactuators and their driver. First, the motion capture is a HTC Vive Virtual Reality System, which is a virtual reality gaming system that can be used at home. Although at first glance it might seem expensive, its cost is comparable to current gaming consoles and much cheaper than high-end alternatives for professional sports (such as the Motion Analysis motion capture systems). Second, the projector can be any commercially available model, including cost-effective pico-projectors. Due to its availability in our facilities, we employed a Optoma . Third, the camera for calibrating the system is a simple webcam. In this case, we employed a Logitech C920PRO. Fourth, the wearable vibrotactile devices consist of six FM34F pancake-type eccentric vibration motors (TOKYO PARTS Corp) driven by a PCM A9686 12-bit PWM driver, and controlled by a Raspberry 3B+ (Figure 7(a)). Although the final wearable device is custom-made and requires some expertise in electronics to assemble it, its cost is very low, but we plan to provide an off-the-shelf solution in the future.