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Principles and Techniques for Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Manipulation
Published in Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo, Abubakar Gidado, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics, 2022
Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, Ifeoma M. Ezeonu, Francisca Nwaokorie
DNA replication begins at specific coding regions within the chromosome, known as “origins.” The origins are targets for initiator proteins. These proteins are responsible for recognizing a specific DNA sequence within the origin of replication. When activated, they proceed to recruit additional proteins that facilitate the replication process. The association of proteins around the Origin (OriC) separates the DNA strands to reveal single-stranded templates. The open region where replication is occurring is known as the Replication Fork. The initiation occurs in two steps. In the first step, the initiator protein recognizes a specific DNA sequence within the OriC and unwinds a short stretch of the DNA double helix. Thereafter, another protein called helicase attaches, hydrolyzing Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)for energy to separate the double stranded molecule (that is, to break the hydrogen bonds holding the complimentary bases of the DNA strands), into two single DNA strands. Molecules of single-strand binding (SSB) protein, encoded by ssb gene, bind to the exposed single strands to prevent their coming back together. Each of these strands act as a template for replication of a new DNA strand. At a replication fork, one of the strands is oriented in the 3′ to 5′ direction towards the replication fork. This strand is known as the leading strand. The complementary strand is oriented antiparallel in the 5′ to 3′ direction and is called the lagging strand (Figure 1.2a).
Lie symmetry analysis of a stochastic gene evolution in double-chain deoxyribonucleic acid system
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
R. Saleh, S. M. Mabrouk, Abdul-Majid Wazwaz
Deoxyribonucleic acid is the essential information storage medium in every cell [8–11], which holds the genetic information that organisms need to live and replicate themselves. The deoxyribonucleic acid replication process involves the transfer of genetic information from the original DNA molecule into two copies. This process begins in the DNA molecules at thousands of sites, called origins of replication. The locations and time of initial origins are generally stochastic, then the time to finish replication is also a stochastic process. The random distribution of origins leads to occasional large gaps that should take a long time to replicate. Understanding this process is momentous for unveiling the basic mechanisms that control genetic information transfer between generations.