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Published in Carl W. Hall, Laws and Models, 2018
Keywords: heating, liberated, surface Source: Kutateladze, S. S. and Borishanskii, V. M. 1966. HEAT OF REACTION, LAW OF (CHEMICAL SYSTEM) In a chemical system, the sum of the heat produced in a reaction and external work performed is called the heat of reaction. This heat of reaction (or heat of formation), may be positive or negative, which represents the total energy of the chemical system. The total heat generated in a chemical reaction is entirely independent of the steps followed in passing from initial to final state of the system, and this principle, the law of constant heat summation, makes it possible to calculate the heat of formation for steps which are chemically impractical. Keywords: chemistry, heat of formation, heat summation Sources: James, A. M. 1976; Thewlis, J. 1961-1964. See also HEAT SUMMATION HEAT RADIATION--SEE KIRCHHOFF; PLANCK; RAYLEIGH-JEANS; STEFANBOLTZMANN; WIEN HEAT SUMMATION, LAW OF The difference in energy between the identical conditions of a system must be the same, independent of the path through which the system is transferred from one condition to the other. Keywords: energy, heat, path, thermal Source: James, A. M. 1976. See also HESS HEAT TRANSFER, GENERAL LAWS OF 1. 2. 3. 4. Conservation of mass, law of First law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics Newton second law of motion
Synchronous Machines in Electromechanical and Energy Systems
Published in Sergey Edward Lyshevski, Mechatronics and Control of Electromechanical Systems, 2017
The Newton second law yields dωrmdt=1J(Te-Bmωrm-TL),dθrmdt=ωrm.(6.10)
Overview of Bohmian Mechanics
Published in Xavier Oriols, Jordi Mompart, Applied Bohmian Mechanics, 2019
We conclude here the second route for finding a common language for classical and quantum theories. The quantum (complex) single-particle wave function can be interpreted as an ensemble of trajectories that are all solutions of the same single-particle experiment but with different initial conditions. The quantum trajectories are not solutions of the classical Newton second law with a classical potential but solutions of the quantum Newton second law, Eq. (1.45), where a quantum potential (that accounts for all nonclassical effects) is added to the classical potential.
Numerical simulation of carbon nanotube fibers motion in the chemical vapor deposition reactor
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
According to Newton second law, the forces of bead i in the gas flow field can be expressed by the following equation: where ri is the position of bead i in the gas flow field. Fei, Fbi and Fdi represent elongation recovery force, bending recovery force and gas drag force on bead i. As the fiber moves freely in the gas flow field, it is nearly impossible to turn around its own axis, so the torsion force can be ignored. By solving the dynamics equation of beads in the gas flow field, the positions of beads at different moments can be determined. The fiber trajectory in the gas flow field can also be obtained.
Why cumulative loading calculated using non-weighted integration may not be suitable for assessing physical stress of the lower back: an empirical investigation of strain during lifting and lowering tasks
Published in Ergonomics, 2022
Laura Johnen, Alexander Mertens, Verena Nitsch, Christopher Brandl
Based on Armstrong et al. (1993) and Checkoway, Pearce, and Kriebel (1989), Winkel and Mathiassen (1994) established a formal definition for cumulative loading resulting from physical exposure, according to which cumulative exposure is calculated as exposure level times duration, which corresponds to the SI unit Newton second and contradicts the use of exponential weighting factors (Waters, Yeung, Genaidy, Callaghan, Barriera-Viruet, Abdallah, et al. 2006). Multiplicative weighting factors are also not included. Instead, this non-weighted approach corresponds to the calculation of the area under the loading curve by multiplying the calculated load intensity by the respective load duration and summing these products. As a result, the non-weighted approach was widely used in the literature to assess work-related physical stress of the lower back (Andrews and Callaghan 2003; Callaghan, Salewytsch, and Andrews 2001; Fischer et al. 2007; Frazer et al. 2003; Gregory et al. 2009; Holmes, Hodder, and Keir 2010; Kumar and Narayan 2005; Lad et al. 2018; Parkinson, Bezaire, and Callaghan 2011; Sullivan, Bryden, and Callaghan 2002; Sutherland et al. 2008).
Zero dynamics analysis and adaptive tracking control of underactuated multibody systems with flexible links
Published in International Journal of Control, 2021
Zehui Mao, Gang Tao, Bin Jiang, Xing-Gang Yan
The benchmark four-body dynamic model. By direct analysis and from Newton-second law, the motion dynamics of the four-body system with first and fourth bodies having control inputs, are given by Set , , , , with p = 1, 2, 3, 4 and q = 1, 2, 3, 4, and choose . The four-body dynamic equations can be written as where with , , , , for p = 1, 2, 3, 4 and q = 1, 2, 3, 4, being unknown parameters.