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Recent Advances in Imaging and Analysis of Cellular Dynamics in Real Time
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Chandra Bhan, Pankaj Dipankar, Shiba Prasad Dash, Papiya Chakraborty, Nibedita Dalpati, Pranita P. Sarangi
Imaging Modalities: To date, several different imaging modalities have been used for live animal or in vivo imaging with their advantages and limitations. Broadly they are divided into two categories, anatomical or morphological imaging or primarily molecular imaging technique (Willmann et al., 2008). Primarily anatomical/morphological imaging includes the US, CT, and MRI, whereas primarily molecular imaging technique includes optical (fluorescence and bioluminescence) imaging techniques, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET) techniques. Amongst various techniques, multiphoton optical imaging techniques are regularly used in studying the dynamic biological processes including cell behaviors in living animals. Optical imaging of live animals includes both fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging, which are sensitive and cost-effective. In fluorescence imaging, fluorochromes such as GFP and RFP are used, while bioluminescence in vivo imaging is based on the chemiluminescent reaction between an enzyme and substrate. A thermoelectrically cooled CCD camera cooled to −120 °C to −150 °C is used to capture high-quality images and the cooling procedure makes the camera impeccably sensitive even to very weak signals (Willmann et al., 2008).
Nanotechnology in Healthcare Management
Published in Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Majid Kamli, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Hesham F. Alharby, Diverse Applications of Nanotechnology in the Biological Sciences, 2022
Ifrah Manzoor, Muzafar Ahmad Rather, Saima Sajood, Showkeen Muzamil Bashir, Sohail Hassan, Manzoor-u-Rehman, Rabia Hamid
Invasive diagnostic tools are useful in imaging physiological and patho-physiological changes within the patient body after administering contrast agents or medicinal radiocompounds. Molecular imaging has evolved as an essential imaging technique concerned with the visualization of molecular biomarkers during disease diagnoses, such as gene expression and protein synthesis or degradation. Molecular imaging focuses on disease-associated molecular signatures that allow early detection of diseases and paves the way for appropriate therapies. Imaging contributes to continuous monitoring and evaluation of disease along with cost-effective optimization of treatment. Nanotechnology focuses on improving the diagnosis process by introducing new imaging techniques (Kim et al., 2018).
Nanotechnology in Preventive and Emergency Healthcare
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Nilutpal Sharma Bora, Bhaskar Mazumder, Manash Pratim Pathak, Kumud Joshi, Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
SPECT is a type of diagnostic imaging technique in which tomographs of a radionuclide distribution are generated from gamma photons detected at numerous positions about the distribution. SPECT, as routinely performed in nuclear medicine clinics, uses for photon detection/data acquisition an imaging system composed of one or more rotating gamma cameras. In a process known as image reconstruction, tomographs are computed from the data using software that inverts a mathematical model of the data acquisition process. Nanoparticles present significant benefits over conventional molecular imaging using antibodies. The number of modifications that an antibody can accommodate is far lower compared to that which a nanoparticle of a similar size can carry. This is primarily due to the loss of antibody activity with the increase in the number of modifications; a direct result of conformation changes in the protein structure and the consequent loss in the antigen identification sites (Debbage and Jaschke, 2008; Minchin and Martin, 2010; Patel et al., 2012). SPECT is analogous to PET and provides extensive whole-body and quantitative molecular imaging by employing contrast agents, such as 177Lu, 99mTc, 111In, and 123I. PET and SPECT tracers are also useful beyond the realm of contrast agents and have been utilized for organ and blood vessel characterization, functional imaging, pharmacokinetics, and treatment response (Amen et al., 2008; Brom et al., 2010; Dijkgraaf and Boerman et al., 2010; Ji and Travin, 2010; Valotassiou et al., 2010).
Recent advances of polymer based nanosystems in cancer management
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Chetan Janrao, Shivani Khopade, Akshay Bavaskar, Shyam Sudhakar Gomte, Tejas Girish Agnihotri, Aakanchha Jain
The majority of cancer cases are diagnosed when they are already progressed, metastasize, or are in advanced stages. Unfortunately, only 16% of cancer cases are detected before they turn malignant [212]. Molecular imaging (MI) has the advantage of allowing for the early diagnosis of a few malignant cells before they grow into solid tumors. It can quantitatively identify cellular events (biological processes) by applying novel probes that target certain diseased state biomarkers. Small animal imaging using nanostructure-based probes that target primary and metastatic cancer cells and tissues is important in the diagnosis. Fluorescent nanoparticles, such as organic dye-containing nanoparticles, quantum dots, and up-conversion nanoparticles, have been used in small animal imaging at the cellular level, which had an impact on cancer diagnosis and treatment [213]. Real-time visualization of in vivo cellular structure and function will help to understand the fundamental cause of the diseased situation in both animal species and humans. Functional level research on cells and tissues will increase overall survival and the effectiveness of cancer treatment. Entire body imaging offers non-invasive, quantitative, and comparatively safe outputs for the early detection and monitoring of human diseases.
Application of molecular imaging technology in neurotoxicology research
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2018
Xuan Zhang, Qi Yin, Marc Berridge, Che Wang
Recently, new technologies have provided neurotoxicology research with efficient tools to detect and monitor neurotoxic effects on the nervous system. Among them, molecular imaging provides in vivo visualization, characterization, and quantification of biological processes at the molecular and cellular level, including metabolism, protein, and mRNA alterations. Molecular imaging gives us a minimally invasive way to measure translational biomarkers for early detection of disease, characterization of lesion development, selection of specific treatment, and evaluation of therapeutic responses.[1,2,4–6] Molecular imaging provides a means to use multiple specific molecular probes to monitor time-dependent developmental influences on toxicant-induced effects in a single animal in a rapid, reproducible, and quantitative manner.[7–10]
A homotopy method for bioluminescence tomography
Published in Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering, 2018
R. F. Gong, X. L. Cheng, W. Han
Recently, molecular imaging, as a rapidly developing biomedical imaging field, has been developed to study physiological and pathological processes in vivo at the cellular and molecular levels, see e.g. [1–5] and references therein. The goal of molecular imaging is to depict non-invasive cellular and molecular process in vivo sensitively and specifically, such as monitoring multiple molecular events, cell trafficking and targeting and maybe instrumental for tumorigenesis studies, cancer diagnosis, metastasis detection, drug discovery and development, gene therapies and orthopedic research [3,6–8]. In general, molecular imaging is mainly based on three technologies: nuclear imaging [9,10], magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [11,12] and optical imaging [13,14]. Based on the three technologies, there have been a lot of models. For instance, nuclear imaging includes positron emission tomography (PET) [15–17] and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) [18], while optical imaging mainly involves florescence molecular tomography (FMT) [14,19] and bioluminescent imaging (BLI) [20–22]. Difference between FMT and BLI is discussed in [23]. Different technologies can also be used in a combined system [24].